Essay Father and Son - 984 Words

Father and Son Just whom is Edmund Gosse’s Father and Son written for? Is it for the Father, or for the Son, or, as Edmund Gosse tells us, for the public, so they can have a record of life in a rigidly religious family? Edmund begins his book by telling you that it is a historical record, an important chronicle that is to be used, basically as a reference for a period of time. Yet, in the first sentence of the first chapter, we can see that this is truly not his purpose. The first words on the page does not reference a historical event; they are, instead, cathartic. Edmund tries very hard to convince his reader that â€Å"this is not an autobiography† (217). Try as he might, he did not persuade me. I will grant that for Edmund†¦show more content†¦This is not the only narcissistic angle of the book. Even when reiterating episodes in the life of the Gosse’s he does it in reference to himself. If this were to chronicle â€Å"two temperaments, two consciences....two epochs † there would be more than one perspective. Do we once hear of Philip Gosse’s reactions or feelings about his wife dying? We do not, we merely get the reactions of what he does from his son. Do we know what he thought those nights alone without his wife? No, we do not. Edmund did not take the time to find out. He even apologizes when he said, â€Å"Had I been older and more intelligent, of course, it might have been him, and not of myself that I should have been thinking.† Yet, still thinking of himself, he states, â€Å"This is not to be dwelt on here.† Of course it isn’t Edmund, it is an autobiography, it is about you. Edmund, we know would argue that. He tries to take the spotlight off of himself. Being the type of person that he is, the always goes back to talking about himself. In the last numerical chapter of the book, Edmund tells of an apocalyptic event, a noteworthy action worthy of ending a book on...his transcendence into heaven. His epiphany is quickly grounded by reality. Nothing happens. His ego is shattered. HIS ego, Edmund’s ego. This catalytic event puts an emotional and spiritual division between father and son that puts â€Å"the thick o’ the world† between them. Although in the Epilogue Edmund is apologeticShow MoreRelatedFathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev1029 Words   |  4 PagesNihilism is the belief that any traditional values, morals, or ideas are unfounded, denying any objective idea of truth, especially moral truths. We see this concept used in the novel Fathers and Sons, by Ivan Turgenev. Turgenev uses the recurring idea of Nihilism to illustra te the development of characters and their change in attitude as the book progresses. He emphasizes character analysis, as well as comparing emotional aspects by using minor characters to alter major characters and their emotionsRead MoreThe Generational Conflict Of Fathers And Sons1382 Words   |  6 PagesYevgeny Bazarov, the main character in Ivan Turgenev’s novel, Fathers and Sons is fascinatingly complex—full of passion and contradictions. Rude and unsympathetic to everyone, including his loving parents, members of his own generation nonetheless respect him greatly for his ideals and intellectual acumen. The generational conflict that is the basis for the novel is most exemplified by Bazarov’s confrontations with Pavel Petrovich, his friend Arkady’s uncle. When viewed as social criticism of theseRead MoreEssay on Ivan Turgenevs Fathers and Sons1000 Words   |  4 Pagescentury. In his pieces, Turgenev shows deep concern for the tangible problems o f Russia at that particular time, such as the evolution of peasants and intellectuals, the women question and the hierarchy of Russian population. In his masterpiece Fathers and Sons, Turgenev emphasizes the enormous difference between subsequent generations by describing their distinctive philosophical views and life ideologies. The protagonists of the novel, Arkady and Bazarov, are two graduates who return to their homesRead MoreEssay on Nihilism in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons1682 Words   |  7 PagesNihilism in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons has several characters that hold strong views of the world. For example, Pavel believes that Russia needs structure from such things as institution, religion, and class hierarchy. On the other hand, Madame Odintzov views the world as simple so long as she keeps it systematic and free from interference. This commentary will focus on perhaps the most interesting and complex character in Fathers and Sons: Bazarov. Vladimir Nabakov writes that TurgenevRead MoreBook Review : Father And Sons By Ivan Turgenev859 Words   |  4 PagesBazarov v. Pavel Father and Sons by Ivan Turgenev is about two young men returning home from college. In the beginning readers are introduced to Arkady a young man whom on his journey home to his father has brought his friend, Bazarov. From the first meeting Arkady’s family is a little suspicious of Bazarov and have many questions for him and about him. Conversation did not start between the men until the next morning at breakfast. Nikolai (Arkadys father) had a few things to say but the real debateRead More Crime and Punishment, Fathers and Sons, We Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagespoverty stricken young man who discovers a revolutionary theory of the mind of a criminal. Despite his psychological insight, Raskolnikov is alienated from society, and eventually forced to test his theory upon himself. Ivan Turgenev’s Bazarov, in Fathers and Sons (1862), pioneers the anarchistic philosophy of nihilism, depending entirely on science and reason, but ends up falling passionately in love and the n cast out, through death, from the rigidity of thought he held so dear. D-503, the main characterRead More`` Fathers And Sons `` : A Psychological Standpoint, The Primary Reason For Order933 Words   |  4 Pagescollective goods, and such. Freud raises the decentering idea that â€Å"cultural endeavors and the means it employs†¦(are) not worth the trouble†¦(for) the individual will be unable to tolerate (the outcome)†. This pessimistic view is apparent in the novel, Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev and the short stories, The Chicken and The Dinner, from the short story collection namely Family Ties by Clarice Lispector through philosophical discrepancies, societal expectations and patterns in social behavior. With theRead MoreIn the 19th century novel Fathers and Sons, author Ivan Turgenev compliments the theme of the1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 19th century novel Fathers and Sons, author Ivan Turgenev compliments the theme of the generation gap by portraying two divergent paradigms of nihilism and the author’s personal ideology, romanticism. Yevgeny Bazarov’s is used as a representative of nihilism thus epitomizing one side of the spectrum; meanwhile Nikolai Kirsanov serves as a token for romanticism. Both characters experience key tests through character interaction in the novel and thus strive to test their own perspective. ThroughRead MoreFather Son And The Father1353 Words   |  6 Pagesfather son relationship by making the son superior to the father. The chaos of this power dynamic is exemplified when Stevens is asked to restrict his father’s duties around the house, due to his decreasing health. Stevens enters his father’s chambers to deliver the message and recalls dictating The fact is, Father has become increasingly infirm. So much so that even the duties of an under-butler are now beyond his capabilities. His lordship is of the view, as indeed I am myself, that while FatherRead MoreFather and son947 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Father and Son -Bernard Maclaverty â€Å"Father and Son† is a short story which is set in a time of war and ends in the death of one of the main characters. Bernard Maclaverty transfers real life problems in the story. The main theme of the story is father trying to communicate with his son but cannot do so. Due to the techniques used by the writer we get an idea that the end of the story is going to be tragic

The Drug Of Medical Marijuana - 983 Words

The FDA has an obvious bias against medical marijuana. The agency would relinquish a tremendous amount of bureaucratic power if it acknowledged the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Simply put, a plant can’t be patented, but the isolated compounds within it can be. Likewise, drug companies would obviously prefer a system in which consumers face potential jail time for marijuana and forced to pay sky high prices from prescription drugs which synthesize marijuana’s chemicals. There is also revolving door between employees of drug companies and the FDA, another obvious conflict of interest. However, there are larger systematic conflicts of interest within the FDA. In 1992, Congress passed the Prescription Drug User Fee Act allowing drug companies to pay â€Å"user fees† to the FDA in order to speed up the approval process. In 2006 alone, those fees added up to $300 million. In essence, that puts the FDA on the payroll of drug companies. As a result, the negative side effects from various drugs are frequently repressed from the public, even after they have been on the market. Pharmacy retailers once sued Pfizer for allegedly conspiring with generic drug manufacturers to delay the launch of their cheaper generic drugs. However, the FDA’s â€Å"user fees† systematically generated similar results. Consumers were punished routinely with higher priced prescription drugs because generic drug companies couldn’t pay â€Å"user fees† until 2012. Consequently, the approval process generally tookShow MoreRelatedMedical Efficacy Of Marijuana And Drugs2885 Words   |  12 Pagesuse of Marijuana to Treat Epileptic Patients By Brian Kenny and Stephanie Visek One of the most controversial topics in modern times has been the medical efficacy of Cannabis. Cannabis is a plant that is used medically and recreationally and is classified as an herb, noticeable by its five spiked leaf structure (Merriam-Webster 2014). Cannabis contains multiple active ingredients that display a variety of psychological and neurological effects on humans and animals. Cannabis is the medical terminologyRead MoreMedical Marijuana Is A Drug Misunderstood By Many Nation Wide1507 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana is a drug misunderstood by many nation wide however, most people do not consider it s legitimate medicinal application. Medical marijuana defined by Drugfacts refers to the use of the whole unprocessed plant to treat a disease or illness. The Drug Enforcement Administration has listed it under the schedule I classification which is the same classification that heroin, LSD, ecstasy and many other drugs are under. The classification identifies the drug as a dang erous substance that hasRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana And Cbd Oil Blurring Employers Drug Policies870 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Medical Marijuana and CBD Oil Blurring Employers’ Drug Policies? How Should Your Company Respond? In 1996, Brandon Coats was a normal sixteen-year-old boy whose life changed when he was a passenger in a vehicle that struck a tree. Coats’ spine was irreparably damaged. The accident paralyzed over 80 percent of his body, and he has suffered from severe involuntary muscle spasms and seizures for the past twenty years. Brandon Coats also now has a prescription for medical marijuana to combatRead MoreDrug Use Among Medical Marijuana Laws Get Their Pot From Other People s Prescriptions1039 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2013, more high school seniors regularly used marijuana than cigarettes as 22.7 percent smoked pot in the last month, compared to 16.3 percent who smoked cigarettes. Sixty percent of seniors don t see regular marijuana use as harmful, but THC (the active ingredient in the drug that causes addiction) is nearly five times stronger than it was 20 years ago. One-third of teenagers who live in States with medical marijuana laws get their pot from other people s prescriptio ns. The United States representsRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Not Be Illegal1040 Words   |  5 PagesFive millennia Cannabis sativa (more commonly known today as marijuana) has been used throughout the world medically, recreationally, and spiritually. (Bostwick, 2012) The growing availability of medical marijuana in the United States today is helping many people’s lives as alternatives to traditional pharmaceuticals, when traditional medications do not alleviate their medical issues. Unfortunately, the full potential of medical marijuana will not come to fruition because at the federal level, whichRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe consumption of marijuana has long been outlawed around the world. A taboo in most countries, cannabis is now considered a dangerous drug that can lead to disastrous side effects on the human body. This misconception has led to prohibition on marijuana, thus penalizing its consumption and further spreading th e misconceptions around the drug. The controversy here lies in the fact that most negative effects attributed to marijuana are sourced from misconceptions, which are in turn hurting the prospectRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Banned Marijuana1449 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana has been used throughout history since before the 1600s and the timeline has continue to today. But it did not become an issue until the 1900s through 1920s after the Mexican Revolution. During this time many Mexicans immigrants arrived in overwhelming amounts into the United States introducing marijuana as a recreational drug to Americans and its culture. As a result, many Mexican immigrants became associated with marijuana and the terror and preconception that they all used marijuanaRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Marijuana1282 Words   |  6 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana, is largely known for its use as a psychoactive drug and medicine. It’s become a controversial issue as many peo ple are against legalizing it because they believe it is a gateway drug (a drug that isn’t necessarily addictive, but can lead the user to use more addictive drugs) or for other reasons. Others, such as Daniel J. Pfeifer, support the legalization of marijuana for recreational and/or medicinal use. As a law student, Pfeifer argues the federal government’sRead MoreMedical Marijana Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijana The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is an extremely controversial subject. There are many supporters, as well as many that are in opposition to the use of marijuana in any situation. Parties on both sides of the issue are regularly bringing forth new information to endorse their case. Marijuana, made from an Indian hemp plant that bears the name cannabis sativa, is a mixture of stems, leaves, and flowering tops. The flowering tops are smoked for the tetrahydrocannabinolRead MoreWhos in Charge of the Store? Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesWho should be regulating medical marijuana? Majority leader of the California State Assembly, Alberto Torrico asserts that marijuana, used for medicinal purposes, should be legal and regulated to ensure safe, pesticide free, organic cannabis. However, Torrico maintains non-medical marijuana should remain illegal for all California citizens who do not have a physician diagnosed medical need, such as AIDS or cancer. He contents that advancing the cause of legalizing marijuana to provide additional tax

Abortion Policy and Its Consequences Free Essays

string(93) " morally innocent cause of a commitment to protecting the intrinsically innocent, the fetus\." Abstract In this paper I will discuss the most dominant trends in abortion reports in the modern age. We will discuss the issues of morality, health risks and benefits and socioeconomic factors that are a part of the abortion discussion. There is a great deal of evidence to suggest that the debate of the morality of abortion Is an ongoing and ever-evolving discussion. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion Policy and Its Consequences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the points made in the articles discussed are seen as unique or radical, while others are points that have lasted through time and are still strong and relevant today. This paper will analyze the current dialogue that s occurring within our scholarly journals across the globe, including points of view from Japan, Bangladesh, Australia and the United States. The key common point that is made throughout the literature is that despite local laws, religious beliefs, and services provided, women are still seeking and getting abortions. Abortion Policy and Its consequences By the sass’s abortion was a very common procedure. In an article by Alistair El- Muar, it is documented that more than one-third of Australian families were affected by abortion procedures in the sass’s. There is a great deal of confusion surrounding he subject because, while abortion is legal in many countries, it is often not discussed, clinics are hidden or not made obvious of their location and purpose, and often times euphemisms are used such as â€Å"getting rid of† or â€Å"taking care of† a Japan, the topic of abortion has been more open for discussion; the subject that is taboo is oral contraceptive pills. While abortion is legal and available to women in Japan, the use of contraceptives – the pill and condoms – are used sparingly or only during â€Å"dangerous days,† when a woman is ovulating. However, this results in a spike in the number of unwanted abortions. Japan differs greatly from other countries such as the United States and Australia in that abortion is not seen as a poor choice, but, rather, a better choice than taking oral contraceptives. The legality of abortion varies across the globe. But one thing that has stayed consistent and universal over the past twenty years is the abortion rate. Whether legal or not, women are still getting abortions at the same rate in most countries. In El-Murmur’s article â€Å"Representing the Problem of Abortion: Language and the Policy Making Process in the Abortion Law Reform Project in Victoria, 2008,† the recess of legislature reform is described in the light of allowing and extending abortion rights for women. El-Muar shows how the manner in which abortion issues are discussed are commonly over laden with vague language or language that emphasizes a moral bias rather than a logical, rational process of argumentation. Too often the lawmakers are distracted by the colorful language that tugs at heartstrings as opposed to carefully considering the soundness of the arguments being made. The essence of many arguments is, â€Å"This is wrong because I believe it is wrong. † Legislators consider this – whether knowingly or not is unclear – as valid a mint as an argument in the form of, â€Å"The evidence I have presented proves my point because X, Y and Z. † El-Murmur’s concern with the distraction and misrepresentation of issues is a valid point of concern. How can we make measured, calculated decisions for the entire country when such non-rational, non-linear argumentation is employed? While the representation of the issue is most likely going to go unresolved for many more years, the Australian government has already come to a conclusion regarding abortion policies. The legislature now indicates that the controversy over abortion is no longer a legal issue, but, rather, a medical issue. In 1992, the Women’s Health Committee of National Health and d Medical Research Council (NRC) gathered an expert panel to review the data regarding abortion and the legality of the procedure. The expert panel completed their report in 1996, concluding that abortion should be decentralized. However, the NRC rejected their report and argued in opposition – that abortion be illegal. The actual penal code stated that abortion was illegal and punishable by incarceration. However, in the majority of cases in which a woman had an abortion and was prosecuted, the defendants were acquitted due to the defense of necessity – the defense made a strong legal argument that the benefits of the procedure outweighed and Justified the illegal action. This dichotomy of code versus punishment has lead to a great deal of confusion among the Australian population. In 2008, the Abortion Law Reform Bill decentralized abortion for citizens of Australia. Not only did it make abortion a legal procedure, but the bill also extended the window of time in which a woman has the opportunity to receive abortion services after conception. Many who are opposed to this new reformation believe ND bias without any strict, adhered-to guidelines. Now that abortion is no longer illegal, women are unafraid of punishment. However, there is still a great debate amongst medical professionals as to whether or not they are required to perform such a procedure Just because it is legal. Many doctors who are morally opposed to abortion are turning patients away, despite the new legality. The morality of abortion appears to be an even stronger determinant than the legality of the procedure. In fact, in Robert Audio’s article, â€Å"Preventing Abortion as a Test Case for the Justifiability of Violence,† Audio argues that while abortion may be gal, and murder illegal, it is morally acceptable (and he extends this to â€Å"legally justifiable†) to prevent the instance of abortion by murdering the individual providing abortion services. While Audio’s stance on abortion is clearly an oppositional one, his argument is not as clear or as understandable – despite one’s personal views. In this mixed moral-legal discussion, Audio asserts that a would-be mother and her physician are guilty of murder/harm of the unborn child; while any individual who acts in violence toward either the would-be mother or the physician is morally innocent cause of a commitment to protecting the intrinsically innocent, the fetus. You read "Abortion Policy and Its Consequences" in category "Papers" Whether it be a violent, harassing protest or actual physical harm done to an individual involved in providing abortion services, Audio argues that such behavior is morally justifiable and should not be punishable by law. Audio’s article is a bitter scholarly attack on all women who receive abortion services and all professionals who provide the service. His unsettling discourse leads us to wonder if, under Audio’s reasoning, women should fear being â€Å"Justifiably’ killed for desiring or having an abortion. Due to Audio’s article and the number of people in society who may agree with him, women who consider abortion services are traumatized repeatedly before, during and after such a procedure is performed. To make the decision to terminate a pregnancy is traumatic enough. But Audio’s suggestions are horrific extensions of an already difficult situation. Furthermore, Audio’s language throughout the article is dry and attempts to come across as objective. Instead of using buzz words such as â€Å"God† and â€Å"the Bible† when discussing the religious immorality of abortion, Audio uses weaker trigger words such as â€Å"miracle,† â€Å"divine,† and â€Å"scripture† which do not immediately Jump out at the deader as overtly motivated by Christianity. Audio asserts that, regarding women who accept abortion services, â€Å"We can act wrongly – counterrevolution, one might say – even when we are within our rights† (Audio, 162). This shows the polarity of Audio’s perspective with regards to the law and what is Just. On another religious path, F. Cam provides a new, unique argument in favor of abortion. Gamma’s qualitative discussion of the intrinsic value of life and the varying degrees of importance amongst living creatures is a perfect counter-argument to Audio’s radical perspective. Cam points out that the reason there is such scrappiness between what one morally believes is right and what one might realistically do in instances that may necessitate abortion services is that â€Å"we believe in the sacredness of individual life (including early fetal life)† (Cam, 222). He argues that there is more human investment – intellectually and emotionally – in the mother, but the sacredness of both individuals – mother and fetus – is equal. Cam calls potential to suffer greatly or even die from a pregnancy that is carried to term, Cam asserts that the woman’s death is worse – more undesirable – than if the fetus were ported. This follows a common belief that while no deaths are always preferable, one death is more preferable than two. If a mother were to suffer complications or die during childbirth, there would be a great likely hood of facing two deaths. Furthermore, Cam argues that women, as adults, have intrinsic, incremental objective value as well as intentions, goals, and rights. Whereas a fetus only has intrinsic, incremental objective value (sacredness). This argument is particularly moving in that it reflects that desire to promote the health and well being of the adult woman. Gamma’s argument considers the quality of live that a woman facing the obstacle of abortion can potentially have due to the benefits that abortion procedures offer. Not many – and clearly no Audio’s – arguments take into consideration the fact that once the ordeal is done, the woman’s quality of life will be much better than if she had faced the risk of carrying a pregnancy to term and raising a child. Gamma’s argument is unique and may even inspire changes within the church and within communities in countries that are primarily Christian. A key deciding factor in the internal debate women face of whether or not to go wrought with abortion procedures is the different aspects of responsibility. In an article by Lawrence B. Finer, Lori F. Forthwith, Lindsay A. Dauphine, Seashell Sings and Ann M. Moore, 1,209 abortion patients were surveyed and interviewed regarding their reasons for choosing to have an abortion. Finer et al found that the results indicated that women today are much more concerned with their education and careers than what was previously understood. The majority of women – seventy-four percent of those interviewed – reported that a child would interfere with their education, their career, or the ability to care for pre-existing dependents. The next most common response – seventy-three percent of those interviewed – was that financial hardship and the inability to adequately provide for a child was the reason for terminating their pregnancy. The third most common deciding factor – forty-eight percent of those interviewed – was that the individual was going through relationship problems or was facing being a single mother. An analysis of the study participants showed that 40% of the women had decided that they were through with their childbearing years and wanted no more children. Thirty percent of the women stated that they had no children and were not ready to come mothers at this time. The researchers also found that the percentage of women who said that their reasoning for getting an abortion was because their parents or their partner wanted them to was less than one percent. Also, the issue of health – either that the individual was currently not in good health or that she feared a pregnancy would compromise her health – was rarely a concern. This study, both qualitative and quantitative, revealed a great deal about the population of women receiving abortion services today. This article has helped to promote a better understanding and lessen the misconceptions of the concerns and oratories of women today. Also, we are able to see that in the majority of cases the decision to get an abortion is not a spontaneous decision, but, rather, a well thought out and planned decision that has been analyzed carefully by the individual. Women with regards to how a child would affect their quality of life and how their current lifestyle would affect a child’s quality of life if the pregnancy were carried to term. From 1987 to 2004, the reasons for seeking abortion services have remained consistent and the data have changed little. In the debate of morality, it is notable hat women are consciously considering and reconsidering all aspects of this decision. The majority of the women interviewed in this study felt that they were making the best decision. While the consideration of one’s education and career weigh heavily on women in America, the same factors are not as paramount in other countries such as Japan. In a study by Going IMHO titled Can Have Abortions But No Oral Contraceptive Pills’: Women and Reproductive Control in Japan,† the issue of eugenic abortions and unwanted pregnancies is illuminated in a new light. In Japan, a strong emphasis is placed on the natural remedies of the body and healing. Anything synthetic and unnecessary is considered toxic. This includes oral contraceptive pills. While condom use is publicly accepted as responsible and sufficient birth control, the use of condoms is not nearly as effective in preventing pregnancy as in the United States. This is because there is a common notion that condoms are only necessary on â€Å"dangerous days,† when a woman is ovulating and most likely to become pregnant (IMHO, 102). When intercourse is had on a day that is not considered â€Å"dangerous† condoms are rarely used. The legalization of abortion came about primarily in order o prevent extra-marital pregnancies due to the large number of conceptions that occurred because of ineffective contraception use. Micro’s quantitative report on the shocking number of abortions performed in Japan shows the striking cultural differences between eastern and western populations. In the post-World War II era in Japan, the desire for procreation and large families flipped to a preference for small families with only one or two children. The decision to proceed with a pregnancy or to terminate with abortion services was largely affected in this era by the advancement of medical science and eugenics. Thanks to new developments in medicine, women are able to have a portion of cells from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus tested for genetic defects. In Japan especially, any birth defects – whether they be cystic fibrosis, Downs syndrome, or ATA-cash, etc. Are reason for serious consideration and formability of abortion. However, after a large population of women did decide to use oral contraceptive pills after the development of a low-dose hormone pill, the number of abortions dropped significantly. Until these numbers decreased, ninety-nine percent of all abortions in Japan were done so legally under the Eugenic Protection Law. This law legalized ind uced abortions as early as 1948. In 1996, this law was renamed the Maternal Body Protection Law due too rise in opposition against eugenics. In 1955, Japan reported 1. 17 million abortions performed each year. This number slowly declined as condoms became widely accepted as proper contraceptive use and declined further after World War II and eugenics practices became the norm. In the sass’s, a group led by Nook Moisakos called for the abolition of abortion laws and the cessation of access to oral contraceptive pills. While many agreed with their stance, Moisakos group was dismissed as radical, militant women’s liberation activists. Many saw the pill as a step towards banning abortion. In her article, IMHO says, â€Å"Since there is such and unfailing contraceptive such as the pill, abortions are no longer necessary’ (IMHO, 101). Eugenics played a large role in the popularity of abortions in Japan. In Sabine Frustum’s article â€Å"Women’s Rights? : The Politics of Eugenic Abortion in Japan,† we are urged to despise the process of screening fetus for defects and the process of eugenic abortion. It is Frustum’s position that the advancement of medical genealogy has launched a new era in abortion policy and has skyrocketed the number of abortions performed each year in Japan. While the numbers suggest that abortion rates have leveled and are fairly consistent year to year, Frustums makes a better argument for a negative disposition towards eugenics. For quite some time, as people watch the world of science grow and present new, unheard of feats, there has been concern over whether or not parents will eventually be able to biologically engineer the perfect child, taking all of the chance out of nature’s random order. This is a great concern of Frustum’s as well – she calls this concept Freestanding† in its depravity. While many people in America see abortion as something that only affects the lower classes and the poor, Frustums emphasizes the opposite – that those with the financial means to screen their fetus for defects or diseases are the ones who are taking advantage of abortion services the most. However, Rachel K. Jones and her colleagues countered this idea by conducting a study entitled, â€Å"Patterns in the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Women Obtaining Abortions in 2000-2001 . † Jones et al. Adhered a representative sample of 10,000 women receiving abortion services ND analyzed their socioeconomic characteristics. In 2000, twenty-one in every one thousand women had an abortion. This ratio is startling in itself. Further analysis of their study participants gave more details as to the circumstances of our society. Jones et al. Found that there was a higher rate of abortions amongst women who were between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine, were unmarried, black or His panic, economically disadvantaged, had a previous birth, lived in a metropolitan area, and who were Christian. While there was an eleven percent decline in abortion dates from 1994 to 2000, the decline was mostly in women ages seventeen to twenty, and the rate actually increased amongst women who were poor or on Medicaid. Jones et al. Found that a high pregnancy rate is directly related to a high abortion rate. The researchers concluded that the only way to prevent abortion is to provide better opportunities for the lower classes in the forms of education and better health care. A decrease in unwanted pregnancies can be made possible by increasing awareness of, understanding of, and access to contraceptives – whether they be condoms, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptive pills, etc. Better health care for those who are struggling financially would also provide better access to contraceptives. Similarly, because abortion services generally cost between $400 and $600, many women who are not in a financial position to afford professional services decide to obtain an abortion by other means. In an article by M. Bearer titled, â€Å"Making Abortions Safe: A Matter of Good Public Health Policy and Practice,† women are obtaining unsafe or unsanitary abortion Bearer analyzed the statistics of infection and mortality caused by improper abortion procedures. While the article partially encourages abortion and especially the equalization of such procedures, the emphasis of her article is on the health and safety of women. As many researchers have shown, the number of abortions that are performed is consistent across most countries, whether the process is illegal or not. Women are still resorting to abortion in times of unwanted pregnancy despite the possible legal ramifications. Server’s stance is that with this in mind – that abortion is going to be a part of society whether we ban it or not – we might as well approve and legalize abortion so that women have the option of having the procedure done in a fee, clean environment rather than in a broken down storage shed by a man with a coat hanger. Abortion accounts for thirteen percent of maternal mortality (Serer, 580) and menstrual regulation (the process of removing the lining of a woman’s uterus, similar to the natural menstrual cycle, to expel any implanted eggs, whether fertilized or not) is steadily increasing. In order to make abortion a completely safe procedure, we must first legalize abortion. Furthermore, training in abortion procedures should be required for all medical professionals – nurses, midwives, even pediatricians – and tot Just obstetrics and genealogy physicians, Bearer says. If we cannot legalize abortion, Bearer recommends at least reducing the punishment for those convicted of criminal abortion. Researchers Hide Bart Johnston, Elizabeth Oliver’s, Sashimi Skater, and Diana G. Walker agree with Bearer in their article, â€Å"Health System Costs of Menstrual Regulation and Care for Abortion Complications in Bangladesh. † Johnston et al. Advocate for increasing education and awareness of menstrual regulation as a birth control method in order to bridge the gap between unwanted pregnancy and abortion. These researchers assert that menstrual regulation – a process similar to the implantation of an intrauterine device in which a physician inserts a tube into a woman’s cervix and removes via vacuum the lining of the uterus – is cheaper for medical service providers than treating the complications of illegal abortions. When abortion procedures go wrong, complications are a serious drain on medical resources in Bangladesh. This technique has also lead to a decrease in maternal deaths and has improved the economic conditions in the health care sector. In addition to their analysis of cost data related to abortion complications versus menstrual regulation, Johnston et al. Emphasize that this method of menstrual regulation reduces unwanted pregnancies without abortion and the terrible consequences that come with substandard abortion services. It is a simple, fast procedure that sidesteps illegal abortions and which can be seen as an ethical middle ground between abortion and carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. This procedure is legal in most countries that have banned abortion. Johnston et al. Advocate for improved education for women who may benefit from this procedure. The common theme amongst all of the articles we have discussed so far is that ore and better medical services should be available to women – whether it be to prevent unwanted pregnancy, to provide better care for pregnant women, or to provide abortion services. In a case study by Maharani Malaria, S. Sirius, and S. A researchers discuss the tragic case of a twenty-six year old woman who received an ill-performed abortion by a man with a wooden stick. The woman came into the emergency room suffering from abdominal pain and a sever fever indicating infection. Septic abortion is a spontaneous, therapeutic or artificial abortion complicated by pelvic infection† (Malaria, 149). In India, twelve percent of maternal deaths are caused by septic abortion. After describing this horrific case, Malaria et al. Strongly recommend to the public that abortion policy be reviewed and legalized in order to prevent the instance of septic abortion. In an anonymous article titled â€Å"A Doc tor Tells Why She Performed Abortions – And Still Would† and written under the pseudonym â€Å"Dry. X,† a female doctor describes why she refuses to stop providing abortion services. The number of providers of abortion services (that is, licensed and medically trained with sanitary facilities) has decreased from 2,680 in 1985 to 1,787 in 2005. And while doctors are retiring, the new enervation of physicians are not being taught how to perform abortion services. As teaching hospitals have merged with religious institutions, abortion is no longer being taught to medical students. There are more than 1. 5 million abortions performed each year, making it the most common medical procedure in the United States. However, there are fewer and fewer providers of such services despite the consistent demand. This has resulted in more amateur providers conducting the procedure in less-than-sanitary conditions. Similarly, the aggressiveness and number of protesters outside of abortion clinics has risen to shocking levels. Instead of seeking out abortion services, women are hiding from the shame placed on them by these protesters, staying at home, and attempting to perform the procedures on themselves with reeds or knitting needles (Dry. X, 1265). According to Dry. X, the solution to this problem is, â€Å"All physicians who care for reproductive-age women should have opt-out, rather than opt-in, abortion training† (Dry. X, 1266). This will encourage medical students to participate in the training rather than going through the process of opting out of the course. This is one realistic solution to the problem of declining numbers of abortion service revisers. However, the consensus still seems to be that the most important step for us to take is legalizing abortion and doing away with punishments for those who receive and perform abortion services. In an article posted in the London Lancet, titled â€Å"Abortion in the U. S. A. ,† the statistics of abortion in America are clearly outlined. Nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended. There are twenty-two abortions performed for every one thousand pregnancies. And while the legalization of abortion has changed over time and across cultures, the abortion incidence, rate and ratio have remained the same. Drug induced abortion is a new phenomenon that is peeking the interest of women all over the country. But these articles have left us wondering, is it better for women to experiment with chemicals and knitting needles than to provide professional abortion services? Where do our moral principles lie? Who is the priority in this situation: the health and lives of women all over the globe or unborn fetus that have not yet begun to experience life? While the morality issue is certainly one of open debate, there is a platform on which we all can agree – we must take provide care for all. The statistics have proven omen facing an unwanted pregnancy are still going to seek abortion services if they decide it is the only feasible option. The tone and primary focus of the scholarly journal articles reviewed here vary along a wide spectrum. How to cite Abortion Policy and Its Consequences, Papers

Responsibility of Ensuring Residential Property

Question: Discuss about the Responsibility of Ensuring Residential Property. Answer: Introduction: It is important to denote that a landlord has the responsibility of ensuring that the residential property they are leasing is safe and secure for the tenants. This is before and even during the tenancy period of a tenant. This is one of the provisions that are contained in the residential tenancy act of 2010. According to this law, a landlord has an obligation of ensuring that the property, in which his tenants live in, is safe and habitable. This provision is contained in section 70 (1) of the residential tenancy act. Additionally, this law makes it mandatory for the landlord to provide security and safety features in his house, hence, the tenants of Deborah have a right to ask her to repair the roof that had a defect. This is not the responsibility of the tenant, because the tenant had just moved into the house, when he realized that there were defects on the roofing of the house. Additionally, it is important to explain that section 63 (1) of the residential tenancy act obligates a landlord to make repairs to the house that he has rented. This section denotes that a landlord has the responsibility and obligation of providing and maintaining a residential premises within a reasonable state of functionality. This is having regard of the rent that is to be paid, expected life of the property and the age of the property under consideration. Basing on these facts, by sending the son to just paint the roof without making repairs to the roof, so that it would not create a mould, was not a reasonable state of repair; hence, the tenant is justified when he complains against Deborah. Furthermore, section 63(2) of the 2010 residency property act obligates a landlord to ensure that he makes reasonable repair to his premises even if the tenant knew of the state of the disrepair that his building was in. This means that even after the tenant occupying the building, the landlord had an obligation of repairing the roof. Therefore, Sean should make initiatives of repairing the roof to a reasonable status. What to do to ensure that the Situation does not occur again For purposes of ensuring that the situation does not occur again, there is a need of coming up with a property management policy and procedural manual. This manual should identify the types of repairs that the buildings require and industrial benchmarks that are established for carrying out the repairs. The repairs under consideration are reactive, planned, cyclical and major repairs. A reactive repair is a kind of repair that occurs when a landlord or his agent would seek to respond to the day to day damages that occurs in a building. It is important to denote that some of these repairs can also be handled by a tenant, depending on the kind of repair that is to be carried out. A cyclical maintenance is a type of maintenance that is carried out on an annual basis or periodically, while a planned maintenance involves a major repair that may be undertaken in future. A property management policy must highlight these types of repairs and the people who will be responsible for carrying out the maintenance and the repairs. Additionally, identification of the industrial benchmarks will assist in identifying the quality of work and repairs that are to be done. Whether I will accept the Conditions I would accept these conditions because they are the terms of the contract, and the electrician who is working for the landlord is a qualified person, with the necessary experience that is required to handle the electrical work of the building. This type of a person has the knowledge of identifying the industrial benchmarks that must be met for a high quality electrical work to successfully carry out. Furthermore, the electrician has worked with the landlord for a long period of time; hence, he has the knowledge of the house and property, and the electrical problems that normally affect the house under consideration. Basing on these facts, I would accept the conditions that are established by the landlord, that he will complete all his electrical work, through his qualified electrician friend. Qualifications to look for in appointing an Electrician For purposes of choosing the electrician, there is a need of ascertaining whether he holds a license that allows him to operate as an electrician. He must also have considerable experience operating as an electrician, having worked as an apprentice for an experienced and skilled electrician. Another important factor to look at is the quality of references that he has, and whether he has a work permit to work in my given state. Another area to look at is the specialty of the electrician. Most highly skilled electricians normally specialize in a given are, such as commercial buildings or residential buildings. Requirements for Carrying Out Periodic Inspections Need of carrying out inspections after 3 months. Issuing out an entry notice within a minimum of 7 days notice. Respect for people living in the house. Informing the property manager on the maintenance issues as soon as these issues occur. Provision of a routine inspection checklist to people who are living in the house. Emergency Repair and Procedures to Follow The relevant laws to follow in making emergency repairs are section 63 and 70 of the residential tenancy act. The following are the procedure to follow while making emergency repairs, Notification by the tenant to the landlord on the emergency repair. If it is difficult to find the landlord and repairer, the tenant can make an arrangement of a suitable person to carry out the repair. Forwarding of all receipts of work to the property manager within 7 days. The tenant should not use an amount that is more than the rent to be paid for two weeks. If the tenant and the landlord or property manager do not agree on the emergency repair, and he has not reimbursed the used costs, the tenant can apply for a QCAT ruling. Workplace Project There is a need of fixing a poor electrical installation. Hiring a competent and licensed electrician to fix the electrical installation. Demanding their practicing license and permits; and seek references from people whom the practitioners have worked for. Coming up with 3 keys, one for the landlord, one for the tenant and another one for the agent. Hiring a security firm to monitor the security of the property and provide periodic reports. By equating it to the benchmark practice followed within the industry. Notifying the tenant on the kind of repairs to undertake. Taking responsibility for all the major repairs the building needs. Bibliography Residency Tenancy Act (2010). Residential Tenancy Regulations (2010).