Essay Father and Son - 984 Words

Father and Son Just whom is Edmund Gosse’s Father and Son written for? Is it for the Father, or for the Son, or, as Edmund Gosse tells us, for the public, so they can have a record of life in a rigidly religious family? Edmund begins his book by telling you that it is a historical record, an important chronicle that is to be used, basically as a reference for a period of time. Yet, in the first sentence of the first chapter, we can see that this is truly not his purpose. The first words on the page does not reference a historical event; they are, instead, cathartic. Edmund tries very hard to convince his reader that â€Å"this is not an autobiography† (217). Try as he might, he did not persuade me. I will grant that for Edmund†¦show more content†¦This is not the only narcissistic angle of the book. Even when reiterating episodes in the life of the Gosse’s he does it in reference to himself. If this were to chronicle â€Å"two temperaments, two consciences....two epochs † there would be more than one perspective. Do we once hear of Philip Gosse’s reactions or feelings about his wife dying? We do not, we merely get the reactions of what he does from his son. Do we know what he thought those nights alone without his wife? No, we do not. Edmund did not take the time to find out. He even apologizes when he said, â€Å"Had I been older and more intelligent, of course, it might have been him, and not of myself that I should have been thinking.† Yet, still thinking of himself, he states, â€Å"This is not to be dwelt on here.† Of course it isn’t Edmund, it is an autobiography, it is about you. Edmund, we know would argue that. He tries to take the spotlight off of himself. Being the type of person that he is, the always goes back to talking about himself. In the last numerical chapter of the book, Edmund tells of an apocalyptic event, a noteworthy action worthy of ending a book on...his transcendence into heaven. His epiphany is quickly grounded by reality. Nothing happens. His ego is shattered. HIS ego, Edmund’s ego. This catalytic event puts an emotional and spiritual division between father and son that puts â€Å"the thick o’ the world† between them. Although in the Epilogue Edmund is apologeticShow MoreRelatedFathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev1029 Words   |  4 PagesNihilism is the belief that any traditional values, morals, or ideas are unfounded, denying any objective idea of truth, especially moral truths. We see this concept used in the novel Fathers and Sons, by Ivan Turgenev. Turgenev uses the recurring idea of Nihilism to illustra te the development of characters and their change in attitude as the book progresses. He emphasizes character analysis, as well as comparing emotional aspects by using minor characters to alter major characters and their emotionsRead MoreThe Generational Conflict Of Fathers And Sons1382 Words   |  6 PagesYevgeny Bazarov, the main character in Ivan Turgenev’s novel, Fathers and Sons is fascinatingly complex—full of passion and contradictions. Rude and unsympathetic to everyone, including his loving parents, members of his own generation nonetheless respect him greatly for his ideals and intellectual acumen. The generational conflict that is the basis for the novel is most exemplified by Bazarov’s confrontations with Pavel Petrovich, his friend Arkady’s uncle. When viewed as social criticism of theseRead MoreEssay on Ivan Turgenevs Fathers and Sons1000 Words   |  4 Pagescentury. In his pieces, Turgenev shows deep concern for the tangible problems o f Russia at that particular time, such as the evolution of peasants and intellectuals, the women question and the hierarchy of Russian population. In his masterpiece Fathers and Sons, Turgenev emphasizes the enormous difference between subsequent generations by describing their distinctive philosophical views and life ideologies. The protagonists of the novel, Arkady and Bazarov, are two graduates who return to their homesRead MoreEssay on Nihilism in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons1682 Words   |  7 PagesNihilism in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons has several characters that hold strong views of the world. For example, Pavel believes that Russia needs structure from such things as institution, religion, and class hierarchy. On the other hand, Madame Odintzov views the world as simple so long as she keeps it systematic and free from interference. This commentary will focus on perhaps the most interesting and complex character in Fathers and Sons: Bazarov. Vladimir Nabakov writes that TurgenevRead MoreBook Review : Father And Sons By Ivan Turgenev859 Words   |  4 PagesBazarov v. Pavel Father and Sons by Ivan Turgenev is about two young men returning home from college. In the beginning readers are introduced to Arkady a young man whom on his journey home to his father has brought his friend, Bazarov. From the first meeting Arkady’s family is a little suspicious of Bazarov and have many questions for him and about him. Conversation did not start between the men until the next morning at breakfast. Nikolai (Arkadys father) had a few things to say but the real debateRead More Crime and Punishment, Fathers and Sons, We Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagespoverty stricken young man who discovers a revolutionary theory of the mind of a criminal. Despite his psychological insight, Raskolnikov is alienated from society, and eventually forced to test his theory upon himself. Ivan Turgenev’s Bazarov, in Fathers and Sons (1862), pioneers the anarchistic philosophy of nihilism, depending entirely on science and reason, but ends up falling passionately in love and the n cast out, through death, from the rigidity of thought he held so dear. D-503, the main characterRead More`` Fathers And Sons `` : A Psychological Standpoint, The Primary Reason For Order933 Words   |  4 Pagescollective goods, and such. Freud raises the decentering idea that â€Å"cultural endeavors and the means it employs†¦(are) not worth the trouble†¦(for) the individual will be unable to tolerate (the outcome)†. This pessimistic view is apparent in the novel, Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev and the short stories, The Chicken and The Dinner, from the short story collection namely Family Ties by Clarice Lispector through philosophical discrepancies, societal expectations and patterns in social behavior. With theRead MoreIn the 19th century novel Fathers and Sons, author Ivan Turgenev compliments the theme of the1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 19th century novel Fathers and Sons, author Ivan Turgenev compliments the theme of the generation gap by portraying two divergent paradigms of nihilism and the author’s personal ideology, romanticism. Yevgeny Bazarov’s is used as a representative of nihilism thus epitomizing one side of the spectrum; meanwhile Nikolai Kirsanov serves as a token for romanticism. Both characters experience key tests through character interaction in the novel and thus strive to test their own perspective. ThroughRead MoreFather Son And The Father1353 Words   |  6 Pagesfather son relationship by making the son superior to the father. The chaos of this power dynamic is exemplified when Stevens is asked to restrict his father’s duties around the house, due to his decreasing health. Stevens enters his father’s chambers to deliver the message and recalls dictating The fact is, Father has become increasingly infirm. So much so that even the duties of an under-butler are now beyond his capabilities. His lordship is of the view, as indeed I am myself, that while FatherRead MoreFather and son947 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Father and Son -Bernard Maclaverty â€Å"Father and Son† is a short story which is set in a time of war and ends in the death of one of the main characters. Bernard Maclaverty transfers real life problems in the story. The main theme of the story is father trying to communicate with his son but cannot do so. Due to the techniques used by the writer we get an idea that the end of the story is going to be tragic

The Drug Of Medical Marijuana - 983 Words

The FDA has an obvious bias against medical marijuana. The agency would relinquish a tremendous amount of bureaucratic power if it acknowledged the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Simply put, a plant can’t be patented, but the isolated compounds within it can be. Likewise, drug companies would obviously prefer a system in which consumers face potential jail time for marijuana and forced to pay sky high prices from prescription drugs which synthesize marijuana’s chemicals. There is also revolving door between employees of drug companies and the FDA, another obvious conflict of interest. However, there are larger systematic conflicts of interest within the FDA. In 1992, Congress passed the Prescription Drug User Fee Act allowing drug companies to pay â€Å"user fees† to the FDA in order to speed up the approval process. In 2006 alone, those fees added up to $300 million. In essence, that puts the FDA on the payroll of drug companies. As a result, the negative side effects from various drugs are frequently repressed from the public, even after they have been on the market. Pharmacy retailers once sued Pfizer for allegedly conspiring with generic drug manufacturers to delay the launch of their cheaper generic drugs. However, the FDA’s â€Å"user fees† systematically generated similar results. Consumers were punished routinely with higher priced prescription drugs because generic drug companies couldn’t pay â€Å"user fees† until 2012. Consequently, the approval process generally tookShow MoreRelatedMedical Efficacy Of Marijuana And Drugs2885 Words   |  12 Pagesuse of Marijuana to Treat Epileptic Patients By Brian Kenny and Stephanie Visek One of the most controversial topics in modern times has been the medical efficacy of Cannabis. Cannabis is a plant that is used medically and recreationally and is classified as an herb, noticeable by its five spiked leaf structure (Merriam-Webster 2014). Cannabis contains multiple active ingredients that display a variety of psychological and neurological effects on humans and animals. Cannabis is the medical terminologyRead MoreMedical Marijuana Is A Drug Misunderstood By Many Nation Wide1507 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana is a drug misunderstood by many nation wide however, most people do not consider it s legitimate medicinal application. Medical marijuana defined by Drugfacts refers to the use of the whole unprocessed plant to treat a disease or illness. The Drug Enforcement Administration has listed it under the schedule I classification which is the same classification that heroin, LSD, ecstasy and many other drugs are under. The classification identifies the drug as a dang erous substance that hasRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medical Marijuana And Cbd Oil Blurring Employers Drug Policies870 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Medical Marijuana and CBD Oil Blurring Employers’ Drug Policies? How Should Your Company Respond? In 1996, Brandon Coats was a normal sixteen-year-old boy whose life changed when he was a passenger in a vehicle that struck a tree. Coats’ spine was irreparably damaged. The accident paralyzed over 80 percent of his body, and he has suffered from severe involuntary muscle spasms and seizures for the past twenty years. Brandon Coats also now has a prescription for medical marijuana to combatRead MoreDrug Use Among Medical Marijuana Laws Get Their Pot From Other People s Prescriptions1039 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2013, more high school seniors regularly used marijuana than cigarettes as 22.7 percent smoked pot in the last month, compared to 16.3 percent who smoked cigarettes. Sixty percent of seniors don t see regular marijuana use as harmful, but THC (the active ingredient in the drug that causes addiction) is nearly five times stronger than it was 20 years ago. One-third of teenagers who live in States with medical marijuana laws get their pot from other people s prescriptio ns. The United States representsRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Not Be Illegal1040 Words   |  5 PagesFive millennia Cannabis sativa (more commonly known today as marijuana) has been used throughout the world medically, recreationally, and spiritually. (Bostwick, 2012) The growing availability of medical marijuana in the United States today is helping many people’s lives as alternatives to traditional pharmaceuticals, when traditional medications do not alleviate their medical issues. Unfortunately, the full potential of medical marijuana will not come to fruition because at the federal level, whichRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe consumption of marijuana has long been outlawed around the world. A taboo in most countries, cannabis is now considered a dangerous drug that can lead to disastrous side effects on the human body. This misconception has led to prohibition on marijuana, thus penalizing its consumption and further spreading th e misconceptions around the drug. The controversy here lies in the fact that most negative effects attributed to marijuana are sourced from misconceptions, which are in turn hurting the prospectRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Banned Marijuana1449 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana has been used throughout history since before the 1600s and the timeline has continue to today. But it did not become an issue until the 1900s through 1920s after the Mexican Revolution. During this time many Mexicans immigrants arrived in overwhelming amounts into the United States introducing marijuana as a recreational drug to Americans and its culture. As a result, many Mexican immigrants became associated with marijuana and the terror and preconception that they all used marijuanaRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Marijuana1282 Words   |  6 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana, is largely known for its use as a psychoactive drug and medicine. It’s become a controversial issue as many peo ple are against legalizing it because they believe it is a gateway drug (a drug that isn’t necessarily addictive, but can lead the user to use more addictive drugs) or for other reasons. Others, such as Daniel J. Pfeifer, support the legalization of marijuana for recreational and/or medicinal use. As a law student, Pfeifer argues the federal government’sRead MoreMedical Marijana Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijana The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is an extremely controversial subject. There are many supporters, as well as many that are in opposition to the use of marijuana in any situation. Parties on both sides of the issue are regularly bringing forth new information to endorse their case. Marijuana, made from an Indian hemp plant that bears the name cannabis sativa, is a mixture of stems, leaves, and flowering tops. The flowering tops are smoked for the tetrahydrocannabinolRead MoreWhos in Charge of the Store? Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesWho should be regulating medical marijuana? Majority leader of the California State Assembly, Alberto Torrico asserts that marijuana, used for medicinal purposes, should be legal and regulated to ensure safe, pesticide free, organic cannabis. However, Torrico maintains non-medical marijuana should remain illegal for all California citizens who do not have a physician diagnosed medical need, such as AIDS or cancer. He contents that advancing the cause of legalizing marijuana to provide additional tax

Abortion Policy and Its Consequences Free Essays

string(93) " morally innocent cause of a commitment to protecting the intrinsically innocent, the fetus\." Abstract In this paper I will discuss the most dominant trends in abortion reports in the modern age. We will discuss the issues of morality, health risks and benefits and socioeconomic factors that are a part of the abortion discussion. There is a great deal of evidence to suggest that the debate of the morality of abortion Is an ongoing and ever-evolving discussion. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion Policy and Its Consequences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the points made in the articles discussed are seen as unique or radical, while others are points that have lasted through time and are still strong and relevant today. This paper will analyze the current dialogue that s occurring within our scholarly journals across the globe, including points of view from Japan, Bangladesh, Australia and the United States. The key common point that is made throughout the literature is that despite local laws, religious beliefs, and services provided, women are still seeking and getting abortions. Abortion Policy and Its consequences By the sass’s abortion was a very common procedure. In an article by Alistair El- Muar, it is documented that more than one-third of Australian families were affected by abortion procedures in the sass’s. There is a great deal of confusion surrounding he subject because, while abortion is legal in many countries, it is often not discussed, clinics are hidden or not made obvious of their location and purpose, and often times euphemisms are used such as â€Å"getting rid of† or â€Å"taking care of† a Japan, the topic of abortion has been more open for discussion; the subject that is taboo is oral contraceptive pills. While abortion is legal and available to women in Japan, the use of contraceptives – the pill and condoms – are used sparingly or only during â€Å"dangerous days,† when a woman is ovulating. However, this results in a spike in the number of unwanted abortions. Japan differs greatly from other countries such as the United States and Australia in that abortion is not seen as a poor choice, but, rather, a better choice than taking oral contraceptives. The legality of abortion varies across the globe. But one thing that has stayed consistent and universal over the past twenty years is the abortion rate. Whether legal or not, women are still getting abortions at the same rate in most countries. In El-Murmur’s article â€Å"Representing the Problem of Abortion: Language and the Policy Making Process in the Abortion Law Reform Project in Victoria, 2008,† the recess of legislature reform is described in the light of allowing and extending abortion rights for women. El-Muar shows how the manner in which abortion issues are discussed are commonly over laden with vague language or language that emphasizes a moral bias rather than a logical, rational process of argumentation. Too often the lawmakers are distracted by the colorful language that tugs at heartstrings as opposed to carefully considering the soundness of the arguments being made. The essence of many arguments is, â€Å"This is wrong because I believe it is wrong. † Legislators consider this – whether knowingly or not is unclear – as valid a mint as an argument in the form of, â€Å"The evidence I have presented proves my point because X, Y and Z. † El-Murmur’s concern with the distraction and misrepresentation of issues is a valid point of concern. How can we make measured, calculated decisions for the entire country when such non-rational, non-linear argumentation is employed? While the representation of the issue is most likely going to go unresolved for many more years, the Australian government has already come to a conclusion regarding abortion policies. The legislature now indicates that the controversy over abortion is no longer a legal issue, but, rather, a medical issue. In 1992, the Women’s Health Committee of National Health and d Medical Research Council (NRC) gathered an expert panel to review the data regarding abortion and the legality of the procedure. The expert panel completed their report in 1996, concluding that abortion should be decentralized. However, the NRC rejected their report and argued in opposition – that abortion be illegal. The actual penal code stated that abortion was illegal and punishable by incarceration. However, in the majority of cases in which a woman had an abortion and was prosecuted, the defendants were acquitted due to the defense of necessity – the defense made a strong legal argument that the benefits of the procedure outweighed and Justified the illegal action. This dichotomy of code versus punishment has lead to a great deal of confusion among the Australian population. In 2008, the Abortion Law Reform Bill decentralized abortion for citizens of Australia. Not only did it make abortion a legal procedure, but the bill also extended the window of time in which a woman has the opportunity to receive abortion services after conception. Many who are opposed to this new reformation believe ND bias without any strict, adhered-to guidelines. Now that abortion is no longer illegal, women are unafraid of punishment. However, there is still a great debate amongst medical professionals as to whether or not they are required to perform such a procedure Just because it is legal. Many doctors who are morally opposed to abortion are turning patients away, despite the new legality. The morality of abortion appears to be an even stronger determinant than the legality of the procedure. In fact, in Robert Audio’s article, â€Å"Preventing Abortion as a Test Case for the Justifiability of Violence,† Audio argues that while abortion may be gal, and murder illegal, it is morally acceptable (and he extends this to â€Å"legally justifiable†) to prevent the instance of abortion by murdering the individual providing abortion services. While Audio’s stance on abortion is clearly an oppositional one, his argument is not as clear or as understandable – despite one’s personal views. In this mixed moral-legal discussion, Audio asserts that a would-be mother and her physician are guilty of murder/harm of the unborn child; while any individual who acts in violence toward either the would-be mother or the physician is morally innocent cause of a commitment to protecting the intrinsically innocent, the fetus. You read "Abortion Policy and Its Consequences" in category "Papers" Whether it be a violent, harassing protest or actual physical harm done to an individual involved in providing abortion services, Audio argues that such behavior is morally justifiable and should not be punishable by law. Audio’s article is a bitter scholarly attack on all women who receive abortion services and all professionals who provide the service. His unsettling discourse leads us to wonder if, under Audio’s reasoning, women should fear being â€Å"Justifiably’ killed for desiring or having an abortion. Due to Audio’s article and the number of people in society who may agree with him, women who consider abortion services are traumatized repeatedly before, during and after such a procedure is performed. To make the decision to terminate a pregnancy is traumatic enough. But Audio’s suggestions are horrific extensions of an already difficult situation. Furthermore, Audio’s language throughout the article is dry and attempts to come across as objective. Instead of using buzz words such as â€Å"God† and â€Å"the Bible† when discussing the religious immorality of abortion, Audio uses weaker trigger words such as â€Å"miracle,† â€Å"divine,† and â€Å"scripture† which do not immediately Jump out at the deader as overtly motivated by Christianity. Audio asserts that, regarding women who accept abortion services, â€Å"We can act wrongly – counterrevolution, one might say – even when we are within our rights† (Audio, 162). This shows the polarity of Audio’s perspective with regards to the law and what is Just. On another religious path, F. Cam provides a new, unique argument in favor of abortion. Gamma’s qualitative discussion of the intrinsic value of life and the varying degrees of importance amongst living creatures is a perfect counter-argument to Audio’s radical perspective. Cam points out that the reason there is such scrappiness between what one morally believes is right and what one might realistically do in instances that may necessitate abortion services is that â€Å"we believe in the sacredness of individual life (including early fetal life)† (Cam, 222). He argues that there is more human investment – intellectually and emotionally – in the mother, but the sacredness of both individuals – mother and fetus – is equal. Cam calls potential to suffer greatly or even die from a pregnancy that is carried to term, Cam asserts that the woman’s death is worse – more undesirable – than if the fetus were ported. This follows a common belief that while no deaths are always preferable, one death is more preferable than two. If a mother were to suffer complications or die during childbirth, there would be a great likely hood of facing two deaths. Furthermore, Cam argues that women, as adults, have intrinsic, incremental objective value as well as intentions, goals, and rights. Whereas a fetus only has intrinsic, incremental objective value (sacredness). This argument is particularly moving in that it reflects that desire to promote the health and well being of the adult woman. Gamma’s argument considers the quality of live that a woman facing the obstacle of abortion can potentially have due to the benefits that abortion procedures offer. Not many – and clearly no Audio’s – arguments take into consideration the fact that once the ordeal is done, the woman’s quality of life will be much better than if she had faced the risk of carrying a pregnancy to term and raising a child. Gamma’s argument is unique and may even inspire changes within the church and within communities in countries that are primarily Christian. A key deciding factor in the internal debate women face of whether or not to go wrought with abortion procedures is the different aspects of responsibility. In an article by Lawrence B. Finer, Lori F. Forthwith, Lindsay A. Dauphine, Seashell Sings and Ann M. Moore, 1,209 abortion patients were surveyed and interviewed regarding their reasons for choosing to have an abortion. Finer et al found that the results indicated that women today are much more concerned with their education and careers than what was previously understood. The majority of women – seventy-four percent of those interviewed – reported that a child would interfere with their education, their career, or the ability to care for pre-existing dependents. The next most common response – seventy-three percent of those interviewed – was that financial hardship and the inability to adequately provide for a child was the reason for terminating their pregnancy. The third most common deciding factor – forty-eight percent of those interviewed – was that the individual was going through relationship problems or was facing being a single mother. An analysis of the study participants showed that 40% of the women had decided that they were through with their childbearing years and wanted no more children. Thirty percent of the women stated that they had no children and were not ready to come mothers at this time. The researchers also found that the percentage of women who said that their reasoning for getting an abortion was because their parents or their partner wanted them to was less than one percent. Also, the issue of health – either that the individual was currently not in good health or that she feared a pregnancy would compromise her health – was rarely a concern. This study, both qualitative and quantitative, revealed a great deal about the population of women receiving abortion services today. This article has helped to promote a better understanding and lessen the misconceptions of the concerns and oratories of women today. Also, we are able to see that in the majority of cases the decision to get an abortion is not a spontaneous decision, but, rather, a well thought out and planned decision that has been analyzed carefully by the individual. Women with regards to how a child would affect their quality of life and how their current lifestyle would affect a child’s quality of life if the pregnancy were carried to term. From 1987 to 2004, the reasons for seeking abortion services have remained consistent and the data have changed little. In the debate of morality, it is notable hat women are consciously considering and reconsidering all aspects of this decision. The majority of the women interviewed in this study felt that they were making the best decision. While the consideration of one’s education and career weigh heavily on women in America, the same factors are not as paramount in other countries such as Japan. In a study by Going IMHO titled Can Have Abortions But No Oral Contraceptive Pills’: Women and Reproductive Control in Japan,† the issue of eugenic abortions and unwanted pregnancies is illuminated in a new light. In Japan, a strong emphasis is placed on the natural remedies of the body and healing. Anything synthetic and unnecessary is considered toxic. This includes oral contraceptive pills. While condom use is publicly accepted as responsible and sufficient birth control, the use of condoms is not nearly as effective in preventing pregnancy as in the United States. This is because there is a common notion that condoms are only necessary on â€Å"dangerous days,† when a woman is ovulating and most likely to become pregnant (IMHO, 102). When intercourse is had on a day that is not considered â€Å"dangerous† condoms are rarely used. The legalization of abortion came about primarily in order o prevent extra-marital pregnancies due to the large number of conceptions that occurred because of ineffective contraception use. Micro’s quantitative report on the shocking number of abortions performed in Japan shows the striking cultural differences between eastern and western populations. In the post-World War II era in Japan, the desire for procreation and large families flipped to a preference for small families with only one or two children. The decision to proceed with a pregnancy or to terminate with abortion services was largely affected in this era by the advancement of medical science and eugenics. Thanks to new developments in medicine, women are able to have a portion of cells from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus tested for genetic defects. In Japan especially, any birth defects – whether they be cystic fibrosis, Downs syndrome, or ATA-cash, etc. Are reason for serious consideration and formability of abortion. However, after a large population of women did decide to use oral contraceptive pills after the development of a low-dose hormone pill, the number of abortions dropped significantly. Until these numbers decreased, ninety-nine percent of all abortions in Japan were done so legally under the Eugenic Protection Law. This law legalized ind uced abortions as early as 1948. In 1996, this law was renamed the Maternal Body Protection Law due too rise in opposition against eugenics. In 1955, Japan reported 1. 17 million abortions performed each year. This number slowly declined as condoms became widely accepted as proper contraceptive use and declined further after World War II and eugenics practices became the norm. In the sass’s, a group led by Nook Moisakos called for the abolition of abortion laws and the cessation of access to oral contraceptive pills. While many agreed with their stance, Moisakos group was dismissed as radical, militant women’s liberation activists. Many saw the pill as a step towards banning abortion. In her article, IMHO says, â€Å"Since there is such and unfailing contraceptive such as the pill, abortions are no longer necessary’ (IMHO, 101). Eugenics played a large role in the popularity of abortions in Japan. In Sabine Frustum’s article â€Å"Women’s Rights? : The Politics of Eugenic Abortion in Japan,† we are urged to despise the process of screening fetus for defects and the process of eugenic abortion. It is Frustum’s position that the advancement of medical genealogy has launched a new era in abortion policy and has skyrocketed the number of abortions performed each year in Japan. While the numbers suggest that abortion rates have leveled and are fairly consistent year to year, Frustums makes a better argument for a negative disposition towards eugenics. For quite some time, as people watch the world of science grow and present new, unheard of feats, there has been concern over whether or not parents will eventually be able to biologically engineer the perfect child, taking all of the chance out of nature’s random order. This is a great concern of Frustum’s as well – she calls this concept Freestanding† in its depravity. While many people in America see abortion as something that only affects the lower classes and the poor, Frustums emphasizes the opposite – that those with the financial means to screen their fetus for defects or diseases are the ones who are taking advantage of abortion services the most. However, Rachel K. Jones and her colleagues countered this idea by conducting a study entitled, â€Å"Patterns in the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Women Obtaining Abortions in 2000-2001 . † Jones et al. Adhered a representative sample of 10,000 women receiving abortion services ND analyzed their socioeconomic characteristics. In 2000, twenty-one in every one thousand women had an abortion. This ratio is startling in itself. Further analysis of their study participants gave more details as to the circumstances of our society. Jones et al. Found that there was a higher rate of abortions amongst women who were between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine, were unmarried, black or His panic, economically disadvantaged, had a previous birth, lived in a metropolitan area, and who were Christian. While there was an eleven percent decline in abortion dates from 1994 to 2000, the decline was mostly in women ages seventeen to twenty, and the rate actually increased amongst women who were poor or on Medicaid. Jones et al. Found that a high pregnancy rate is directly related to a high abortion rate. The researchers concluded that the only way to prevent abortion is to provide better opportunities for the lower classes in the forms of education and better health care. A decrease in unwanted pregnancies can be made possible by increasing awareness of, understanding of, and access to contraceptives – whether they be condoms, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptive pills, etc. Better health care for those who are struggling financially would also provide better access to contraceptives. Similarly, because abortion services generally cost between $400 and $600, many women who are not in a financial position to afford professional services decide to obtain an abortion by other means. In an article by M. Bearer titled, â€Å"Making Abortions Safe: A Matter of Good Public Health Policy and Practice,† women are obtaining unsafe or unsanitary abortion Bearer analyzed the statistics of infection and mortality caused by improper abortion procedures. While the article partially encourages abortion and especially the equalization of such procedures, the emphasis of her article is on the health and safety of women. As many researchers have shown, the number of abortions that are performed is consistent across most countries, whether the process is illegal or not. Women are still resorting to abortion in times of unwanted pregnancy despite the possible legal ramifications. Server’s stance is that with this in mind – that abortion is going to be a part of society whether we ban it or not – we might as well approve and legalize abortion so that women have the option of having the procedure done in a fee, clean environment rather than in a broken down storage shed by a man with a coat hanger. Abortion accounts for thirteen percent of maternal mortality (Serer, 580) and menstrual regulation (the process of removing the lining of a woman’s uterus, similar to the natural menstrual cycle, to expel any implanted eggs, whether fertilized or not) is steadily increasing. In order to make abortion a completely safe procedure, we must first legalize abortion. Furthermore, training in abortion procedures should be required for all medical professionals – nurses, midwives, even pediatricians – and tot Just obstetrics and genealogy physicians, Bearer says. If we cannot legalize abortion, Bearer recommends at least reducing the punishment for those convicted of criminal abortion. Researchers Hide Bart Johnston, Elizabeth Oliver’s, Sashimi Skater, and Diana G. Walker agree with Bearer in their article, â€Å"Health System Costs of Menstrual Regulation and Care for Abortion Complications in Bangladesh. † Johnston et al. Advocate for increasing education and awareness of menstrual regulation as a birth control method in order to bridge the gap between unwanted pregnancy and abortion. These researchers assert that menstrual regulation – a process similar to the implantation of an intrauterine device in which a physician inserts a tube into a woman’s cervix and removes via vacuum the lining of the uterus – is cheaper for medical service providers than treating the complications of illegal abortions. When abortion procedures go wrong, complications are a serious drain on medical resources in Bangladesh. This technique has also lead to a decrease in maternal deaths and has improved the economic conditions in the health care sector. In addition to their analysis of cost data related to abortion complications versus menstrual regulation, Johnston et al. Emphasize that this method of menstrual regulation reduces unwanted pregnancies without abortion and the terrible consequences that come with substandard abortion services. It is a simple, fast procedure that sidesteps illegal abortions and which can be seen as an ethical middle ground between abortion and carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. This procedure is legal in most countries that have banned abortion. Johnston et al. Advocate for improved education for women who may benefit from this procedure. The common theme amongst all of the articles we have discussed so far is that ore and better medical services should be available to women – whether it be to prevent unwanted pregnancy, to provide better care for pregnant women, or to provide abortion services. In a case study by Maharani Malaria, S. Sirius, and S. A researchers discuss the tragic case of a twenty-six year old woman who received an ill-performed abortion by a man with a wooden stick. The woman came into the emergency room suffering from abdominal pain and a sever fever indicating infection. Septic abortion is a spontaneous, therapeutic or artificial abortion complicated by pelvic infection† (Malaria, 149). In India, twelve percent of maternal deaths are caused by septic abortion. After describing this horrific case, Malaria et al. Strongly recommend to the public that abortion policy be reviewed and legalized in order to prevent the instance of septic abortion. In an anonymous article titled â€Å"A Doc tor Tells Why She Performed Abortions – And Still Would† and written under the pseudonym â€Å"Dry. X,† a female doctor describes why she refuses to stop providing abortion services. The number of providers of abortion services (that is, licensed and medically trained with sanitary facilities) has decreased from 2,680 in 1985 to 1,787 in 2005. And while doctors are retiring, the new enervation of physicians are not being taught how to perform abortion services. As teaching hospitals have merged with religious institutions, abortion is no longer being taught to medical students. There are more than 1. 5 million abortions performed each year, making it the most common medical procedure in the United States. However, there are fewer and fewer providers of such services despite the consistent demand. This has resulted in more amateur providers conducting the procedure in less-than-sanitary conditions. Similarly, the aggressiveness and number of protesters outside of abortion clinics has risen to shocking levels. Instead of seeking out abortion services, women are hiding from the shame placed on them by these protesters, staying at home, and attempting to perform the procedures on themselves with reeds or knitting needles (Dry. X, 1265). According to Dry. X, the solution to this problem is, â€Å"All physicians who care for reproductive-age women should have opt-out, rather than opt-in, abortion training† (Dry. X, 1266). This will encourage medical students to participate in the training rather than going through the process of opting out of the course. This is one realistic solution to the problem of declining numbers of abortion service revisers. However, the consensus still seems to be that the most important step for us to take is legalizing abortion and doing away with punishments for those who receive and perform abortion services. In an article posted in the London Lancet, titled â€Å"Abortion in the U. S. A. ,† the statistics of abortion in America are clearly outlined. Nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended. There are twenty-two abortions performed for every one thousand pregnancies. And while the legalization of abortion has changed over time and across cultures, the abortion incidence, rate and ratio have remained the same. Drug induced abortion is a new phenomenon that is peeking the interest of women all over the country. But these articles have left us wondering, is it better for women to experiment with chemicals and knitting needles than to provide professional abortion services? Where do our moral principles lie? Who is the priority in this situation: the health and lives of women all over the globe or unborn fetus that have not yet begun to experience life? While the morality issue is certainly one of open debate, there is a platform on which we all can agree – we must take provide care for all. The statistics have proven omen facing an unwanted pregnancy are still going to seek abortion services if they decide it is the only feasible option. The tone and primary focus of the scholarly journal articles reviewed here vary along a wide spectrum. How to cite Abortion Policy and Its Consequences, Papers

Responsibility of Ensuring Residential Property

Question: Discuss about the Responsibility of Ensuring Residential Property. Answer: Introduction: It is important to denote that a landlord has the responsibility of ensuring that the residential property they are leasing is safe and secure for the tenants. This is before and even during the tenancy period of a tenant. This is one of the provisions that are contained in the residential tenancy act of 2010. According to this law, a landlord has an obligation of ensuring that the property, in which his tenants live in, is safe and habitable. This provision is contained in section 70 (1) of the residential tenancy act. Additionally, this law makes it mandatory for the landlord to provide security and safety features in his house, hence, the tenants of Deborah have a right to ask her to repair the roof that had a defect. This is not the responsibility of the tenant, because the tenant had just moved into the house, when he realized that there were defects on the roofing of the house. Additionally, it is important to explain that section 63 (1) of the residential tenancy act obligates a landlord to make repairs to the house that he has rented. This section denotes that a landlord has the responsibility and obligation of providing and maintaining a residential premises within a reasonable state of functionality. This is having regard of the rent that is to be paid, expected life of the property and the age of the property under consideration. Basing on these facts, by sending the son to just paint the roof without making repairs to the roof, so that it would not create a mould, was not a reasonable state of repair; hence, the tenant is justified when he complains against Deborah. Furthermore, section 63(2) of the 2010 residency property act obligates a landlord to ensure that he makes reasonable repair to his premises even if the tenant knew of the state of the disrepair that his building was in. This means that even after the tenant occupying the building, the landlord had an obligation of repairing the roof. Therefore, Sean should make initiatives of repairing the roof to a reasonable status. What to do to ensure that the Situation does not occur again For purposes of ensuring that the situation does not occur again, there is a need of coming up with a property management policy and procedural manual. This manual should identify the types of repairs that the buildings require and industrial benchmarks that are established for carrying out the repairs. The repairs under consideration are reactive, planned, cyclical and major repairs. A reactive repair is a kind of repair that occurs when a landlord or his agent would seek to respond to the day to day damages that occurs in a building. It is important to denote that some of these repairs can also be handled by a tenant, depending on the kind of repair that is to be carried out. A cyclical maintenance is a type of maintenance that is carried out on an annual basis or periodically, while a planned maintenance involves a major repair that may be undertaken in future. A property management policy must highlight these types of repairs and the people who will be responsible for carrying out the maintenance and the repairs. Additionally, identification of the industrial benchmarks will assist in identifying the quality of work and repairs that are to be done. Whether I will accept the Conditions I would accept these conditions because they are the terms of the contract, and the electrician who is working for the landlord is a qualified person, with the necessary experience that is required to handle the electrical work of the building. This type of a person has the knowledge of identifying the industrial benchmarks that must be met for a high quality electrical work to successfully carry out. Furthermore, the electrician has worked with the landlord for a long period of time; hence, he has the knowledge of the house and property, and the electrical problems that normally affect the house under consideration. Basing on these facts, I would accept the conditions that are established by the landlord, that he will complete all his electrical work, through his qualified electrician friend. Qualifications to look for in appointing an Electrician For purposes of choosing the electrician, there is a need of ascertaining whether he holds a license that allows him to operate as an electrician. He must also have considerable experience operating as an electrician, having worked as an apprentice for an experienced and skilled electrician. Another important factor to look at is the quality of references that he has, and whether he has a work permit to work in my given state. Another area to look at is the specialty of the electrician. Most highly skilled electricians normally specialize in a given are, such as commercial buildings or residential buildings. Requirements for Carrying Out Periodic Inspections Need of carrying out inspections after 3 months. Issuing out an entry notice within a minimum of 7 days notice. Respect for people living in the house. Informing the property manager on the maintenance issues as soon as these issues occur. Provision of a routine inspection checklist to people who are living in the house. Emergency Repair and Procedures to Follow The relevant laws to follow in making emergency repairs are section 63 and 70 of the residential tenancy act. The following are the procedure to follow while making emergency repairs, Notification by the tenant to the landlord on the emergency repair. If it is difficult to find the landlord and repairer, the tenant can make an arrangement of a suitable person to carry out the repair. Forwarding of all receipts of work to the property manager within 7 days. The tenant should not use an amount that is more than the rent to be paid for two weeks. If the tenant and the landlord or property manager do not agree on the emergency repair, and he has not reimbursed the used costs, the tenant can apply for a QCAT ruling. Workplace Project There is a need of fixing a poor electrical installation. Hiring a competent and licensed electrician to fix the electrical installation. Demanding their practicing license and permits; and seek references from people whom the practitioners have worked for. Coming up with 3 keys, one for the landlord, one for the tenant and another one for the agent. Hiring a security firm to monitor the security of the property and provide periodic reports. By equating it to the benchmark practice followed within the industry. Notifying the tenant on the kind of repairs to undertake. Taking responsibility for all the major repairs the building needs. Bibliography Residency Tenancy Act (2010). Residential Tenancy Regulations (2010).

Voices And Visions Essays (203 words) - Harlem Renaissance

Voices And Visions The biographical film of Langston Hughes is both informative and entertaining. It approaches Hughes's life with insightful observations from the people that personally knew him. The film goes into detail on his family background and early life before his poetic success, and continues through his life in Harlem, his literary achievements, and legacy. The film has interesting facts that were unknown to me previous to my viewing. For example, the historical relatives described in the biography gave more insight on the motivation of Hughes to make an impact in the culture or history of African-Americans. Other than insight, the movie was entertaining because of the creative structure of the film's format. The combination of jazz and blues music, actual pictures and film footage, recitations of Hughes poetry, and images of the Harlem Renaissance make a profound impact when attempting to understand the life Langston Hughes came from and lived, as well as feeling the emotion in his literary works. Hughes's achievements are extraordinary and his life was remarkable. His ability to overcome obstacles such as the lack of family and financial support are admirable. He stands as a role model for a younger generation of writers. Movies and Cinema Essays

The Commonly Confused Words Prescribe and Proscribe

The Commonly Confused Words Prescribe and Proscribe The words prescribe and proscribe  are similar in pronunciation and can be easily confused, but are almost opposite in meaning. Definitions The verb prescribe means to recommend, establish, or lay down as a rule. Similarly, prescribe means to authorize a medical prescription. The verb proscribe means to ban, forbid, or condemn. Examples When doctors prescribe medicine for a child, they take the childs size and weight into account and adjust the dose accordingly.He read her temperature as 98.8. Very, very slight, he told her. I prescribe sleep.(John Updike, Married Life)Each year as many as two million Americans suffer from antibiotic-resistant illnesses, and 23,000 die as a result. Clearly, we need to get doctors to  prescribe  antibiotics more selectively. But how can this be done?(Craig R. Fox et al., How to Stop Overprescribing Antibiotics. The New York Times, March 25, 2016)Many localities have passed ordinances that proscribe the use of leaf blowers.The First Amendment generally prevents government from  proscribing  speech, or even expressive conduct, because of disapproval of the ideas expressed.(Earl E. Pollock,  The Supreme Court and American Democracy, 2009) Usage Notes Prescribe is a much commoner word and means either issue a medical prescription or recommend with authority, as in the doctor prescribed antibiotics. Proscribe, on the other hand, is a formal word meaning condemn or forbid, as in gambling was strictly proscribed by the authorities.(Maurice Waite, ed., Oxford Thesaurus of English, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2009)These are almost direct opposites, and ought not to be confused. To prescribe is to define a remedy, to ordain, to decree. To proscribe is to prohibit, to forbid, to ban. When the Food and Drug Administration proscribed Laetrile, it meant that no doctor could lawfully prescribe it.(James J. Kilpatrick, The Writers Art. Andrews McMeel, 1984) Practice (a) It is illegal to pay doctors to _____ certain medicines to their patients.(b) Chinas laws severely _____ public demonstrations. Answers to Practice Exercises: Prescribe and Proscribe (a) It is illegal to pay doctors to prescribe certain medicines to their patients.(b) Chinas laws severely proscribe public demonstrations. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

Performance appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance appraisal - Essay Example It was asserted that â€Å"among nursing leadership, the nurse manager role has been identified as critical in the provision of high-performing, effective and efficient care in the patient care delivery setting† (Chase, 2010, p. 2). In this regard, the current discourse hereby aims to discuss the role of the contemporary nurse manager in the provision of performance appraisal within one’s particular work context. As such, one has worked in the capacity of a staff nurse in the medical ward for last 10 years and one has been evaluated for the performance of duties and responsibilities on a regular basis. The paper would hereby present, in addition to the perceived role of the nurse manager in performance appraisal, the kind of performance appraisal system that is currently being implemented in one’s health care setting; the benefits and drawbacks of the system; as well as proposed ways to improve the performance appraisal system to benefit the nurses and the organi zation, as a whole. Perceived Roles of Staff Nurse and Nurse Managers in Health Care Setting The role and responsibilities of staff nurses in the medical ward are diverse and requires vast competencies in the application of theoretical frameworks in nursing care. The ability of nurse managers to undertake the required performance evaluation would necessitate comprehensive understanding of these key responsibilities as standards within which the assessment would be based. The standard key responsibilities of staff nurses in medical wards are shown in Table 1, below: Table 1: Key Responsibilities of Staff Nurses in Medical Wards Source: UPMC Beacon Hospital, 2012 Performance management is defined as â€Å"the process of assessing and addressing the difference between required performance and actual performance in the workplace† (Shaw & Blewett, 2013, p. 4). In one’s capacity as staff nurse, performance evaluation was noted to have been regularly conducted, as prescribed by the health institution, once a year. In conjunction with the roles and responsibilities of the nurse manager is the competency in six categories, as presented by the American Hospital Association (AHA), to wit: â€Å"management of clinical nursing practice and patient care delivery; management of human, fiscal, and other resources; development of personnel; compliance with regulatory and professional standards; strategic planning; and fostering interdisciplinary, collaborative relationships within a unit(s) or area(s) of responsibility and the institution as a whole† (AHA, 1992; cited in Chase, 2010, p. 6). The performance appraisal or evaluation falls within the management of human resources where nurse managers are expected to closely assess the ability of nursing staff in undertaking their respective tasks in the delivery of health care. Thus, with the clearly identified key responsibilities, performance evaluation is accurately undertaken by nurse managers following th e characteristics and principles for an effective approach (Drach-Zahavy & Dagan, 2002; Contino, 2004; Hudson, 2006). Characteristics and Principles for an Effective Performance Appraisal Approach Shaw & Blewett (2013) have identified principles to adhere to ensure that an effective performance appraisal system is undertaken within the health care environment. The following principles were explicitly noted: (1) it should be regular and timely; (2) the orientation or main objective is for improvement of performance; (3) conformity to

American Music History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

American Music History - Essay Example The drummer and the male dancer compete against each other by increasing the tempo and making the rhythm more intricate, progressively. Rumba is not really the name of a single dance, rather a genre of dances originating in Cuba. The two to four beat rhythm, which is common to all Cuban dances, is called the Clave rhythm, as it is played by two sticks called claves. The tempo changes but never gets too fast as the couple sway from side to side suggestively, holding each other at approximately arm’s length. Initially danced to African music, the songs for the Rumba gradually converted into Spanish. The Rumba has strayed into contemporary Flamenco, Blues and even Rock music and is continually evolving thanks to newer, experimental artists. Popularized in the USA by the sensational Carmen Miranda, the Samba has its origins in Brazil and Africa. Bossa Nova emerged in protest to the commercialization of Samba in the 1960s. It is called jazz samba as it blends jazz music with the upbeat rhythms of the samba seamlessly. It was more intimate and lacked the flamboyance of Samba. The song ‘Desafinado’ introduced the term Bossa Nova. Musicians like Miles Davis and Pat Metheny draw great inspiration from the Bossa Nova tradition. Salsa, literally meaning sauce, originated in Cuba, and by the end of the 1970s became a major component of   almost all vernacular fields. It is quintessentially Cuban music, long held a substyle, and although it originally was defined by upbeat, spirited Cuban music, it slowly developed a Latin tinge to it, although retaining that Cuban flavour as well. Today, we define salsa generally as Latin-African music, and what was once dance band music, albeit music incorporating varied rhythms, complex instrumentations and sounds, usage of flutes and violins, under various Puerto Rican and South American influences, and with the inclusion of jazz, has now grown to be a highly sophisticated style of music capable of being molded into

Hermeneutical Circle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hermeneutical Circle - Essay Example The 'meaning' may be open-ended, but the particular text that is being considered is a close-ended circle because of the self-referentiality of individual parts and whole (Jasper, 2004). Christianity is based upon a number of tenets, including the idea, at least within the Protestant faiths, that the Bible is in fact an "organic whole" rather than a series of contrasting individual texts that have been gathered together over quite a long period of time. Yet on another note, the only way for a Christian to understand many parts of the Bible is to refer to other parts of the Bible for understanding. This is the self-referentiality of the Bible that can be seen as a part of the hermeneutical circle. A central example is the 'nature of God' which has concerned Christians for more then 1900 years. The various manners in which God reveals Himself within the Bible, particularly in reference to the contrast between the Old and New Testaments, might seem to be contradictory. The same God who asks for the first-born to be killed and demands that one of his faithful kill his own son to prove his faith is also the same God who reveals that love, mercy and forgiveness are the central aspects of his nature in the New Testament (Goldsworthy, 2007). It is the closed circle of self-referentiality that is found within the Bible is the answer to that question. Various parts of the Bible, in revealing the nature of God, refer to one another. One cannot understand the God of the New Testament without reference to the Old Testament and visa-versa. One version of the circle of hermeneutics, as expressed by evangelical theology, suggests that it is not merely "word studies" that should be involved in interpretation but rather "Word study" (Goldsworthy, 2007). This is the Word of Jesus Christ which is regarded as being the central focus and prism through which the rest of the Bible, and in fact "all of reality" can be discovered and understood (Goldsworthy, 2007). The gospel of Jesus Christ is the central fulcrum around which the rest of the Bible revolves according to this kind of hermeneutics. Of course this essentially counters the non-hierarchical structure of self-referentiality that exists within the traditional hermeneutical circle. In traditional hermeneutics all parts relate to the whole and the whole relates to all the parts in equal measure. Within a Christian theology that includes hermeneutics the Gospel of Jesus Christ is the focusing structure that involves comprehension. Jesus "communicates" (Brown, 2007) with people through the closed circle of the Bible, and enables them to navigate through the often complex and seemingly contradictory passages that it offers. The hermeneutical circle may appear to be complex, but in fact it is quite simple when seen in terms of revelation. As Brown (2007) suggests, "reading scripture is learning to discern a communicative act initiated by God". That "communicative act" needs to be understood within the context of all the other acts of communication that are contained within the Bible, but for the Christian at least, it is the word of Jesus Christ that offers a complete explanation for how that communication has occurred and what God is intending to mean. To conclude, the hermeneutical circle is one of the largest dilemmas within all philosophy in general and within theology in particular. The self-referentiali

Black Representation in Postbellum Era Art

Black Representation in Postbellum Era Art Heroes in art and imagery in post-bellum 19th century America Following the abolition of slavery in 1865, it took a substantial amount of time for the representation of African-American people in American art to establish itself beyond the grotesque and the caricatured. Before slavery and the plantations were outlawed due to the civil war, American representation of blacks were shown as cartoon caricatures; as generic, racial stereotypes with no individuality of their own. This is demonstrated by a number of artworks prevalent at the time. Blackness was either relegated to the sidelines of the paintings, sculpture and engravings, or else excluded completely from the image. And although the outlawing of slavery was done in order to generate equality and liberty across the United States, racism was still prevalent, and it would also take some time before the actual identity of blackness in the United States managed to transcend that of an oppressed, racial stereotype, and began to take on and represent a history and a culture of its own, instead of merely providing the negative for the representation of whiteness. A great many critics argue that this breakthrough was made ironically by a sculpture made and funded by white people, in the Shaws Memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Despite Saint-Gaudens obvious inclinations towards racial stereotyping in words (his memoirs justify this statement), thanks to a number of coincidences, his artistic credibility, and the amount of time he was given to produce this sculpture, he managed to represent blackness not as caricatured, but as a disparate but unified whole. But some critics of the Shaw Memorial still uphold the belief that it is inherently racist. In the following essay, I will look briefly at the history of black representation in the art of post-bellum America, than engage in a closer analysis of the Shaw Memorial, in order to see exactly what is being represented and how. Monumental sculpture in particular had a great history in providing people with allusions to the real, held as less of an illusion than the representations made in other arts, such as painting. The representation of Apollo in the famous sculpture had provided people with a benchmark for human aesthetic beauty for thousands of years, and sculpture seemed conducive to the production and the replication of this ideal human form. This has serious implications for the evolution of how Black American slaves in postbellum America were represented. Kirk Savage suggests that: â€Å"Sculptures relation to the human body had always been more direct and intimate than paintings: the sculptors main task was not to create illusions on a flat surface but to reproduce three-dimensional bodies in real space.†[1] Additionally, because of the importance by which public sculpture was held at the time, as a monument dedicated to, rather than imposed upon the community, the development of a realisti c representation of the African American body in the art of the time is not to be underestimated. Savage goes on to say: â€Å"The sculpture of antiquity thus became an authenticating document of a normative white body, a race of white men.†[2] The fair representation of blackness in sculpture was therefore central to the cause of representing blackness as equal in America. However, it would still be some time before the representation of the hero would be anything but white. This white hero occurred on both sides of the slavery divide, as those from the South would paint a picture of the generous, selfless plantation owner, whereas those from the North would paint an equally white picture of figures fighting for the liberty of black slaves. From the Journal of Popular Culture: â€Å"In the postbellum reminiscences, a slaveholders chivalric spirit was manifested through feats of selfless generosity.†[3] Also, representations of the South didnt differ: â€Å"refusing to concede an exclusive grant of heroic title to the friends and relatives of slaveholders, those who had gloried in the 1865 Union victory demanded an equal chance to create their own champions of popular culture. In the manner of their southern counterparts, they sought to rescue from oblivion the true history of an unpretending, liberty-loving and Christian people.†[4] So, despite the liberal intentions of the North, their representations of blacks were still stuck in a post-plantation world: the blacks were to be represented as symbols of otherness – of cartoon caricatures, and only there to represent their emancipation by the heroes of white culture that had freed them. Sculpture is also a particularly difficult medium with which to represent skin colour, because the tone of the skin cannot directly be represented: â€Å"Since sculpture was understood then to be monochromatic, sculptors could not represent skin color directly.†[5] How then, was skin colour represented in the medium? In John Rogers Slave Auction (1859) blackness is represented as a series of facial features. He is identified by his position in front of the stand, but also by his curly hair and his full lips. By representing the Negro as defiant, with arms crossed, â€Å"the work attracted the attention of some local abolitionist newspapers and acquired a limited public reputation.†[6] However, the problem was still unresolved: of how to represent an image of blacks in sculpture that wasnt patronising, denigrating or clichà ©d, which still represented the identity of blackness in what was essentially a monochromatic medium. Savage continues: â€Å"artists after the Civ il War faced the great challenge of representing a society recently emancipated from slavery, that brought to the task various assumptions and images that had been deeply ingrained by the system of slavery and by the long campaign to abolish it.†[7] Blackness was, in effect, so heavily linking to its white-established origins of slavery, that it was a seemingly impossible task to represent it in any other way, never mind to represent blackness in a heroic light. Due to the uniform way in which blackness was represented, it was impossible to reconcile the image of a black hero with this symbol of the homogenised masses, either there to be emancipated, or else enslaved by the dominant white society that controlled politics, society and the power mechanisms of postbellum America. If blacks were represented at all, they would be seen as stereotypes of a series of white-defined black assumptions concerning black facial imagery. Fryd suggests that: â€Å"It is possible that because of the continuous threat of disunion from slavery, both northerners and southerners felt that they needed to banish blacks from the artworks.†[8] Because of the knotty subject matter concerning black autonomy, it took a while before blacks could be represented as heroic even in the slightest. This representation is epitomised by the painting Cornwallis Sues for Cessation of Hostilities under the Flag of Truce (1857). In it, a black man is seen hiding in the far r ight corner of the painting, his face obscured by a hat, wedged behind two white officials. The dark background, coupled with his dark clothing and dark face disguises his presence in the picture. He is also seen with an earring, curly black hair and thick lips; a typically stereotypical representation of blackness. Fryd suggests that: â€Å"The figure is barely visible given the prominence of the three central figures, and the importance of Washington in this ceremonial painting celebrating the generals astute ploy to force the British surrender.†[9] So, the image of the hero is used here to grab the attention and, while the other white people rally round and bask in the nobility and the light of Washington, the black man is confined to the far right of the page, looking somewhat sheepish, and ostracised from the composition by his colour and his position in the painting. So, postbellum art, in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, was still primarily concerned with representing blackness as something passive; something to which things had to be done, whether this thing was emancipation or else slavery. The development of Shaws Memorial, and the numerous copies that Saint-Gaudens later made in an attempt to perfect his masterpiece, in many ways marks a turning point in the development of an autonomous series of black characters, noted for their individuality, as well as their allegiance to a particular racial and socio-economic group. However, the presence of Shaw, and the titling of the monument (the Shaw Memorial dictates that Shaw is the most important character), as well as his composition, leads us into thinking about the following question: Is the Shaw Memorial a sophisticated representation of blackness in post-bellum art, or is it simply a similar propagation of the racist values of whiteness held previously? Of course, it is impossible to divorce the Shaw Memorial entirely from perceiving the African Americans as an oppressed group because, historically, they were. Savage argues that: â€Å"The Shaw Memorial introduced the element of black recognition into the more conventional worship of white heroism.†[10] Indeed, the depiction of heroism is intrinsic to the understanding of this piece: although the African-Americans are seen as a group of people, they are also, thanks to the meticulous and painstaking sculptural perfectionism of Saint-Gaudens, seen as individuals, as Saint-Gaudens used models found on the streets of New York to develop a realistic depiction of a great variety of black people. However, Saint-Gaudens choice of developing and individuating the black soldiers at the bottom of the piece was also due to economics and artistic integrity, more than actually consciously trying to represent blackness: he says in his memoirs that â€Å"through my extreme interest in it and its opportunity, [I] incre ased the conception until the rider grew almost to a statue in the ground and the Negroes assumed far more importance than I had originally intended.†[11] The prejudices of the sculptor was also clear, and releases all manner of underlying problems with the authenticity behind how blackness is represented in the piece: â€Å"It is fascinating that this exploration of black diversity came from the hands of a white man who shared the common racial prejudices of the white elite. In his memoirs, Saint-Gaudens writes quite disparagingly about his black models, who are brought into the story merely as comic relief. They come odd as foolish, deceptive, and superstitious, though Saint-Gaudens is careful to say that he likes them for their imaginative, though simple, minds.†[12] Indeed, Saint-Gaudens textual representation of Negroes was as fraught in stereotype as the average member of the white elite, but somehow, due to the nature of his artistic perfectionism, as well as the conditions for producing a statue with the singular intention of promoting racial awareness, he managed to transcend these barriers of personal prejudice and made something that helps not simply to represent blackness as a patronising simulacrum of white values, but represents blacks as they are, in a way that is not patronising or denigrating. It is also fair to assume that the economic conditions of the artwork surpassed the actual intentions of the master sculptor, which was, at least according to early drafts, simply to represent Shaw as a great leader, without any direct or detailed representation of blackness. But, as time passed, Saint-Gaudens became more interested in representing blackness: â€Å"Deciding instead to represent the soldiers as distinct individuals, he became fascinated with the material reality of their own diversity. He wanted the defy military uniformity, on the one hand, and racial caricature on the other; both in their own ways were strategies of standardization. For the sculptor, blackness did not become a leveling trait but a field in which to create a rich interplay of internal differences.†[13] It was this rich interplay that served to develop the heroic quality of blackness in art in 19th century American art. As the statue stands, the individuation of blacks serves to treat them as heroes, albeit heroes of a group, rather than a singular hero held in noble esteem. The white officer, however, is still glorified over and above the black soldiers that march underneath. Despite his lowly position in the ranks of the army, he is glorified simply because of his position leading the â€Å"despised race†. This is a problematic issue: â€Å"racial difference [of making Shaw representative of a group of black soldiers] made this idea of representation problematic at best. Could Shaw, a high-born white man, represent a regiment of black troops?†[14] Thus, the position of Shaw as hero, towering above the distinct blacks, renders the usage of the standard equestrian imagery slightly uncomfortable. However, Saint-Gaudens also uses rhythm in a sense to convey that Shaw does not dominate the black soldiers, but leads them instead. Shaw holds a sword that is angled in rhythm to the marching soldiers. The horse is strained, but Shaw holds it back, and the whole image is composed to generate both diversity, and homogeneity. In the representation of blackness, for instance: â€Å"we see the drummer boy juxtaposed with the sergeant behind him, the youngest member of the group with the oldest, smooth skin with beard, short stature with height; but if we read into depth, other more subtle contrasts emerge too, of facial hair, cheekbone, nose and eye shape. [] In this way the overall impression of uniformity – of identically clad soldiers marching perfectly in step, rhyming each others body movements – is changed and enriched by a kind of contrapuntal rhythm of diversity.†[15] In postbellum art, the concern was primarily with establishing the autonomous and individuated identity of a previously oppressed group of people, while maintaining the traditional structures of the depiction of the hero, with respective notions of beauty, leadership and nobility, that proved to be a problematic mix to endeavour to achieve. Thus, the South turned to the plantation owners for their heroes – the chivalric and generous heroes, displaying their generosity towards the blacks, and treating their assumed inferiority with compassion and grace. Similarly, in the North, the contemporary hero of postbellum art was the white emancipator of the blacks, fighting for the freedom of this oppressed race of people. The result was that the hero didnt particularly change race, and that common perceptions of human aesthetic beauty, a notion that went back to Greek times, remained largely the same. However, despite taking on the traditional format of the equestrian hero statue, the Shaw Memorial assists in combining these two glaringly contrasting issues, by depicting both the individuality and the homogeneity of the black cause, as well as preserving the image of the white hero – Saint-Gaudens does this using subtle techniques of composition, by combining rhythm, and by representing a great swathe of meticulously studied, and strikingly different black faces, that ultimately combine to produce â€Å"interplay† in racial profiling. Savage comments that: â€Å"In this monument Saint-Gaudens was able to elevate the white hero without demoting the black troops.†[16] and it is testament to his genius that, despite his personal prejudices, he managed to fully articulate and display through the medium of monumental art, the autonomy, yet the solidarity of an entire race of people, within the context of the traditional white hero monument. Bibliography Berlin, I., Slaves Without Masters, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974 Burchard, P., One Gallant Rush, St. Martins Press, New York, 1965 Deburg, W. L. V., The Battleground of Historical Memory: Creating Alternative Culture Heroes in Postbellum America, from Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 20, pp. 49 62 Dryfhout, J. H., The Work Of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, University Press of New England, London, 1982 Fryd, V. G., Art and Empire: The Poltics of Ethnicity in the United States Capitol, 1815-1860, Yale University Press, London, 1992 Saint-Gaudens, A., Reminiscences, Vol 1., Century Co, New York: 1913 Savage, K., Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997 Appendix: Images referred to the text: The Slave Auction (1859) by John Rogers Cornwallis Sues for Cessation of Hostilities under the Flag Of Truce (1957) by Constantino Brumidi Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (1897) by Augustus Saint-Gaudens 9 Footnotes [1]Savage, K., Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997, p. 8 [2]Ibid. [3]Deburg, W. L. V., The Battleground of Historical Memory: Creating Alternative Culture Heroes in Postbellum America, from Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 20, p 51 [4]Ibid. p. 53 [5]Savage, K., 1997, p. 17 [6]Ibid., p. 17 [7]Ibid. p. 21 [8]Fryd, V. G., Art and Empire: The Politics of Ethnicity in the United States Capitol, 1815-1860, Yale University Press, London, 1992, p. 208 [9]Ibid. p. 207 [10]Savage, K., Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997, p. 197 [11]Saint-Gaudens, A., Reminiscences Vol. 1., Century Co., New York: 1913, p. 333 [12]Savage, K., Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997, p. 201 [13]Ibid. [14]Ibid. p. 196 [15]Ibid. p. 201 [16]Savage, K., Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1997, p. 204

Rat Race :: essays research papers

Ah, â€Å"the rat race†. A term used so often to describe the frantic way of living people are in to gain success. It’s also something our economy thrives off of. You wouldn’t think so, but it’s true. That’s why I chose it to be my essay topic. It’s that need to get to work in the morning to spend yet another day kissing butt and working like a dog so maybe just maybe you’ll be able to have enough money to live on. Until of course you’re on your way home and see the cutest little thing in the store window and that little voice in your head says, â€Å"oh darling it’s simply perfect, you’ve just got to have it†. That voice gets everyone into trouble doesn’t it? The picture on the cover of this report describes â€Å"the rat race† perfectly. Our world is a never-ending cycle of earning and spending. (I’m sorry if I offend the smart ones who actually SAVE money). Our economy prospers from stupid spending. Eighty-dollar jeans here, one hundred and fifty dollar sneakers there. Things that were thought of as luxuries before have now become necessities. Cell phone, beepers, these are now things people need rather than would like to have. Economic status is now based superficially. â€Å"Oh look they have a Rolex and a suit and a cell phone, they must be rich†! In case no one noticed, everyone and there mother has a cell phone these day whether they can afford it or not, the suit is probably a cheap knock of some famous designer and the â€Å"Rolex† is probably one of those â€Å"ten dollar ten dollar† deals. But since people look at us by what we have more than anything else, we feel the need to buy more things. So we earn money to buy things we don’t need just so we have the appearance of being well off. That’s everyone’s goal these days, to be well of. But you know what it’s good that people are this dumb. Know why? Our economy wouldn’t be able to live without it. In the picture, you see the rats(a.k.a. us) running through a maze (a.k.a. Life) you see the sign saying â€Å"Happiness is just around the corner†. No matter where the rats are happiness is just around the corner. But to get to â€Å"happiness† what has to be done? Well first you’ve got to work harder.

A Manifesto on Been the Senior Prefect of Your School Essay

Give unto me that wisdom that is constantly around Thy throne, and cast me not out from among Thy children. For I am Thy servant, and the son of Thy hand-maiden, a weak creature of a short existence, and too weak in understanding, in right, and in the law. Send it down from Thy high heaven and from the throne of Thy glory that it may abide with me and labor with me, that I may know and do the things that are pleasing unto Thee. For Thy wisdom knoweth and understandeth all things, and let it lead me in my works and protect me in its glory, and my labors will be acceptable unto Thee. When I was yet in my youth I sought wisdom without fear in my prayer. I prayed for it in the temple, and will seek it to my end. My heart rejoiceth over it as when the young grapes ripen. Thou art my Father, my God, and my Shepherd, who helpest me. Thy hand created and prepared me; teach me that I may learn Thy com-mandments; open my eyes that I may behold the wonders of Thy law. Remember, Lord, Thy covenant, and teach me what to say and think. Instruct me and so shall I live. Lord, show me Thy ways, lead me in Thy truth, and teach me. I am Thy servant, teach me that I may un-derstand Thy evidence. Console me again with Thy help and let the happy spirit sustain me. Thou lover of life, Thy immortal spirit is in all things. Teach me to work in a manner that is well pleasing unto Thee, for Thou art my God. Let Thy good spirit lead me in pleasant paths. With Thee is the living fountain and in Thy light we see the light. Let my goings be established, and let no unrighteousness rule over me. Teach me wholesome manners and enlighten me, for I believe Thy com-mandments. Lead me in Thy truth and teach me, for Thou art the God who helps me, and I wait daily before Thee. Let Thy countenance shine upon Thy servant and teach me to know Thy justice. Let me behold Thy glory, for Thou, Lord, art my light, and Thou wilt turn my darkness into day. Wilt Thou join Thyself with me in eternity, and trust me in right-eousness and in judgment, in grace and mercy, yea, wilt Thou join me in faith that I may know Thee, the Lord. Lord, let my complaints come before Thee. Instruct me according to Thy word. Let my prayers come before Thee, rescue me according to Thy word. Show me Thy ways, oh, Lord, that I may walk in Thy truth. Keep my heart in singleness that I may fear Thy name. I will remember Thy name from childhood, therefore, all people will thank Thee forever and ever. Amen.

5 of the Best Cities to Find a Job in Right Now

5 of the Best Cities to Find a Job in Right Now According to experts, the economy that began to slide in 2007 hit a low in 2009 is rebounding. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported job openings nationwide now exceed the peak experienced before the recession. In fact, in June 2015, 5.2 million job opportunities were available. While the the nation as a whole is on this upswing, some cities  are ahead of the pack. That’s useful news- learning where jobs are plentiful may be useful when looking for employment.Criteria Used to Determine RecoverySix years after the official end of the recession, economic indicators show that while the nation as a whole is recovering, some cities have not kept pace. Conversely, others are experiencing a robust economy with a healthy job market. Parameters including  a lower unemployment rate since 2009, along with increased wages and an overall growth in jobs, gives some cities a better economic standing than others.Cities With the Highest Job GrowthWhile the best cities to get a job are sp read across the country, certain regions have shown growth as a whole. Four of the top cities are in Texas, three are in North Carolina and one each is in Florida, California, Utah, Iowa, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Looking at some of these cities over the period 2009 to 2012 provides a glimpse into their favorable economic picture.Texas CitiesUnemployment in Midland decreased by 35.71 percent since 2009, and average home values increased by 21.67 percent. Disposable income grew by 13.84 percent. Jobs here  are centered in the oil industry.Odessa showed a 43.4 percent decrease in unemployment along with a median home value increase of 5.87 percent, and median income here grew by 20.39 percent. Jobs in Odessa are found in mining, construction and retail services. San Angelo had a 35.48 drop in unemployment with a corresponding 11.45 percent rise in income. The medium home value here increased by 20.92 percent. Employment in San Angelo is linked to trade and transportation, health care,   jobs in education, and business service jobs. Overall, the Air Force base and schools are the top employers.Fargo, North DakotaUnemployment in this northern tier state fell by 34.48 percent, and median income grew by 18.71 percent. Median home values grew by 13.30 percent from 2009 to 2012. Top industries here include health care, education, transportation, manufacturing, and food processing. Two large employers include the state university and health care jobs with Sanford Health.Chattanooga, TennesseeThe city of Chattanooga has seen a 29.89 percent decrease in unemployment since 2009. Household income has jumped by 13.54 percent while the cost of housing has jumped by 14.04 percent. Retail sales have grown during the years 2009 to 2012.While recovery is happening in cities and towns across the country, a robust location may be a deciding factor if you’re searching for a thriving town in which to plant to your roots. Depending on your situation and ability to move, look ing at job growth from this perspective might  help you narrow (or change!) your desired industry and consider a life in a new town.Using TheJobNetwork to find your next job lets you put in criteria limiting or widening your search. Entering your qualifications, job sector and geographic location makes it possible to target the job you want in an area where jobs are plentiful. This job search platform does the rest and alerts you by email when jobs become available. Doing research into the top employers in an area and the job outlook may help you find what you need.

Business management and Change summary

Business management and Change summary 9.1HSC Topic 1: Business management changeThe nature of managementThe importance of effective managementDefinitionsManagement - The traditional definition of management is: The process of co-ordinating a business's resources to achieve the goals of the organisation.-The more contemporary definition of management views management as the process of working with through people to achieve business goals in a changing environment. Efficient effective use of resources is crucial to this.Effectiveness - Measures the degree to which a goal has been achieved.Efficiency - Weighs the resources needed to achieve the goal against what was actually achieved. (Cost Vs benefits)Management hierarchy-There are three levels of management, top management, middle management supervisory management. Level of responsibility increases from supervisory to top management but the level of technical skill decreases as it goes from supervisory to top management.Top management-Responsible for direction succes s of the business's activities, the long-term strategic plans needed to meet objectives.English: Business center at State University of Ma...-In some businesses key members of management regularly attend board meetings to outline the activities direction of the business under their control. Although directors are not directly responsible for the day-to-day management of the business, they usually have extensive business backgrounds.Middle management-Responsible for interpreting carrying out policies throughout the firm, as well as the successful operation of certain divisions or departments.-Responsible for administering the budgets, formulating departmental policies plans that are consistent with the firm's overall policies plans.-Responsible for appointing the bulk of the new employees needed by the organisation.Supervisory management-Supervisory management forms the link between top management the workers in an enterprise by channelling information between them.-Supervisor y managers are responsible for seeing that jobs are done properly. They are therefore chosen for both their ability to motivate their workers ...

1000 words APA format Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

1000 words APA format - Article Example The authors utilize this particular case as a means of drawing attention to an industrially developed society that exhibits a larger than average overall life expectancy as a means of focusing upon the aforementioned determinants of COPD. Accordingly, the forthcoming analysis will serve as a brief review and synthesis of the main findings that this particular article was able to exhibit and the overall inference that can be drawn based upon these findings in terms of proposed future research and a greater understanding of COPD as it relates to individuals beyond the age of 65. Firstly, the article presents the broader understanding that COPD is oftentimes represented an old age as a direct result of environmental hazards and/4 prior activities such as smoking which might have contributed to the prevalence of this particular disease as old age is experienced. Within this particular dynamic, the article encourages healthcare professionals to be keenly aware of the fact that COPD, although having very similar symptoms and effects upon the individual who suffers from it regardless of age, has distinctly different impacts upon individuals that are over the age of 65 and potentially experience other health complications and issues alongside this. Yet, rather than providing a mere definition of COPD, symptoms, and its potential treatments, the article establishes a research methodology that will assess stakeholders and more effectively understanding and defining COPD in terms of future treatments. Accordingly, a cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2007 to January 2008; during this period, 406 primary family caregivers of COPD patients were recruited as a means of answering a questionnaire. Essentially, this study sought to categorize, classify, and ultimately understand the differentials in approach that caregivers had towards individual suffering from COPD based

Nursing Assessment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Assessment - Coursework Example Firstly, the patient should be asked about the details of the shortness of breath by defining the symptoms as well as finding how long the patient has been in that condition. Some of the main variables to identify in the symptoms include onset time, location, severity, duration, radiation and quality. Secondly, there would be the establishment of the history of symptom obtained through talking to the patient about the frequency of short breath. This may uncover the pattern in the symptom presentation and may help determine any respiratory problem if the patient reports regular physical exertion. Thirdly, there will be discussion on pre-existing patient's condition in order to obtain a comprehensive medical history about the patient. Any information on hospitalizations of the patient enhances determination of factors that can result or contribute to breathing difficulties. At this point, the medications should be discussed since some drugs may result side effects, including the shortn ess of breath. The other questions will involve the eating habits. For coughing, the patient should be asked the frequency of coughing and the duration of coughing. The information on the blood or mucus and the color can necessitate getting of some information. The patient will then be asked how the obesity condition affects the life quality like disrupted routines (Beaman, 2011). Physical examination may involve first determining the BMI and examining the body clearly. Secondly, the lungs must be examined. This involved determination of the body weight, temperature and the body mass index (BMI) that entails measuring the height in order to enhance the determination of the effects of weight of the health condition. Also, this would involve listening to lungs and heart beat using stethoscope. Checking of the signs of blood backing up in the neck veins may facilitate determination of cor pulmonale disorder of the heart. Then there should be a full cardiac examination that involves lis tening to the six sections of the heart with the diaphragm and the bell of the stethoscope. This may reveal underlying cardiac condition like murmur which results from incompetent heart valve. Thereafter, the respiratory rate of the patient must be measured to enhance quantification of the shortness of breath. The normal respiratory rate for an adult ranges from 12-18 breaths per minute and the extent of deviation from the normal rate indicates the severity of the patient’s breathing condition (Utian, 2004). Pressing the abdomen enhances determination of abdominal palpation. The lips and fingers must be assessed for cyanosis while fingers must be checked for any clubbing. Physical examination might be a little painful, especially the abdominal palpation. Prioritized health history and physical assessment enhances diagnosis, and must be performed on a regular basis as they may reveal risk factors that suggest increased risk. The physical risks will enhance assessment of severi ty of conditions such as the inability of completing full sentences without having to take a breath (Beaman, 2011). A prioritized history and assessment of the heart enhances the exclusion of heart diseases associated or, which may result into a similar situation. Based on the assessments above, two interventions that I would prioritize include heart and lung interventions; heart failure and pulmonary hypertension for the

''Storm Center'' by David M. O'Brien Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

''Storm Center'' by David M. O'Brien - Essay Example He illustrates it in a such stoical manner, that the power of America's superior anti-democratic and opposition of majoritarian institution completely depends upon the endorsement or agreement of the country. Even though we think that when it comes to politics, we pay close attention to the elected branches, Alexis de Tocqueville was his common acute as well as observed that hardly any issue which is political take place in the United States that is not determined, ,into a legal question. As Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes stated that the Court turns into what is called a ''storm centre'' when it tackles a passion-stirring concern weather it be assimilation, crime, abortion, affirmative action. ''Storm Center'' by David M. O'Brien gives instance of the above mentioned issues. Given the reality that the Court is an oligarchy and all relies on only 9 lords, each and every one of whom is expected to have strong belief and a powerful persona; it would be astonishing if personal hostility did not take place in the procedures. O'Brien in a brilliant manner presents the example of Justice James C. McReynolds, he considers him as being anti-Semitic, would exit from the conference room every time Justice Louis D. Brandeis started to speak . Nevertheless O'Brien points out realistically that irrelevant frustration that has no big part in the important decisions. The Justices are restricted via the type of courtesy which is incorporated into the Court's cases (for example they all of them shake hands each others hands before starting a conference) by the gracefulness of its political position as well as by institutional and prudential concern; unpredicted coalition are made on sensitive issues. O'Brien does not give in blow-by-blow accounts of fights -although he gives quite a few good accounts of the cases however he pays more attention to analyzing the structure and operations of the Court. He states that it has turned into common knowledge, that Justices are frequently selected for their apparent ideological likeness to whoever the President is at present , just to let down their sponsor once installed. An well liked example of O'Brien is of president Dwight D. Eisenhower's choice of Chief Justice Earl Warren. (President Reagan's consultant clearly knows their record; his most recent recommendation to the Court appears to be diligently proposed in order evade any surprises.) Kind Of Research And Analytic Method O'Brien is clear as well as remarkable in the powerful analytic method he uses to explain how the Justices allocate their work. He has used qualitative research as he has utilized pervious literature for the court cases in order to proof his point . this kind of research has led him to give valid information regarding the fact that law clerks have achieved power in current years, as the load of work has increased, although he thinks that their influence is less than that influence which readers of his last publication ''The Brethren'' had . Although the importance that he has given to collegiality ever since the time of Chief Justice John Marshall as well as the strong wish for consent, particularly on important issues , foremost decisions have occasionally been